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Windows</b><br /> Part Number E10845-01</td> <td valign="bottom" align="right"> <table class="icons oac_no_warn" summary="" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="245"> <tr> <td align="center" valign="top"><a href="../../index.htm"><img width="24" height="24" src="../../dcommon/gifs/doclib.gif" alt="Go to Documentation Home" /><br /> <span class="icon">Home</span></a></td> <td align="center" valign="top"><a href="../../nav/portal_booklist.htm"><img width="24" height="24" src="../../dcommon/gifs/booklist.gif" alt="Go to Book List" /><br /> <span class="icon">Book List</span></a></td> <td align="center" valign="top"><a href="toc.htm"><img width="24" height="24" src="../../dcommon/gifs/toc.gif" alt="Go to Table of Contents" /><br /> <span class="icon">Contents</span></a></td> <td align="center" valign="top"><a href="index.htm"><img width="24" height="24" src="../../dcommon/gifs/index.gif" alt="Go to Index" /><br /> <span class="icon">Index</span></a></td> <td align="center" 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id="BEGIN"></a></div> <div class="IND"><!-- End Header --><a id="g1000096" name="g1000096"></a><a id="NTQRF546" name="NTQRF546"></a><a id="i432692" name="i432692"></a> <h1 class="glossary">Glossary</h1> <a id="NTQRF547" name="NTQRF547"></a> <div class="glossentry"><!-- infolevel="all" --><a id="sthref970" name="sthref970"></a> <p class="glossterm">alert log</p> <p>A file that contains important information and error messages that are generated during database operations.</p> </div> <!-- class="glossentry" --> <a id="i432183" name="i432183"></a><a id="NTQRF548" name="NTQRF548"></a> <div class="glossentry"><!-- infolevel="all" --><a id="sthref971" name="sthref971"></a> <p class="glossterm">authenticate</p> <p>To verify the identity of a user, device, or other entity in a computer system, often as a prerequisite for allowing access to resources in a system.</p> </div> <!-- class="glossentry" --> <a id="i432948" name="i432948"></a><a id="NTQRF550" name="NTQRF550"></a> <div class="glossentry"><!-- infolevel="all" --><a id="sthref972" name="sthref972"></a> <p class="glossterm">authorization</p> <p>Permission given to a user, program, or <a href="#i432454"><span class="xrefglossterm">process</span></a> to access an object or set of objects. In Oracle Database, authorization is done through the <a href="#i432481"><span class="xrefglossterm">role</span></a> mechanism. A single person or a group of people can be granted a role or a group of roles. A role, in turn, can be granted other roles.</p> </div> <!-- class="glossentry" --> <a id="i432192" name="i432192"></a><a id="NTQRF551" name="NTQRF551"></a> <div class="glossentry"><!-- infolevel="all" --><a id="sthref973" name="sthref973"></a> <p class="glossterm">backup</p> <p>A representative copy of data. This copy includes important parts of your database such as <a href="#i432217"><span class="xrefglossterm">control files</span></a>, <a href="#i432471"><span class="xrefglossterm">redo log files</span></a>, and datafiles.</p> <p>A backup is a safeguard against unexpected data loss; if you lose your original data, then you can use the backup to make the data available again. A backup is also a safeguard against an application error; if an application makes incorrect changes, then you can restore the backup.</p> </div> <!-- class="glossentry" --> <a id="i432960" name="i432960"></a><a id="NTQRF552" name="NTQRF552"></a> <div class="glossentry"><!-- infolevel="all" --><a id="sthref974" name="sthref974"></a> <p class="glossterm">certificate authority</p> <p>A certificate authority (CA) is a trusted third party that certifies the identity of other entities such as users, databases, administrators, clients, and servers. The certificate authority verifies the user's identity and grants a certificate, signing it with one of the certificate authority's <a href="#i433212"><span class="xrefglossterm">private keys</span></a>.</p> </div> <!-- class="glossentry" --> <a id="i432205" name="i432205"></a><a id="NTQRF553" name="NTQRF553"></a> <div class="glossentry"><!-- infolevel="all" --><a id="sthref975" name="sthref975"></a> <p class="glossterm">COM</p> <p>Microsoft's Component Object Model is an object-oriented programming architecture and a set of operating system services. These services notify running application components of significant events and ensure that they are authorized to run. COM is intended to make it relatively easy to create business applications that work well with <a href="#i432315"><span class="xrefglossterm">Microsoft Transaction Server</span></a>.</p> </div> <!-- class="glossentry" --> <a id="CHDJIDEJ" name="CHDJIDEJ"></a><a id="NTQRF554" name="NTQRF554"></a> <div class="glossentry"><!-- infolevel="all" --><a id="CHDFDAIE" name="CHDFDAIE"></a> <p class="glossterm">component-based shadow copies</p> <p>VSS snapshots of Oracle database components. Examples of components include tablespaces or archived redo logs.</p> </div> <!-- class="glossentry" --> <a id="i432969" name="i432969"></a><a id="NTQRF555" name="NTQRF555"></a> <div class="glossentry"><!-- infolevel="all" --><a id="sthref976" name="sthref976"></a> <p class="glossterm">connect descriptor</p> <p>A specially formatted description of the destination for a network connection. A connect descriptor contains destination <a href="#i432487"><span class="xrefglossterm">services</span></a> and network route information. The destination service is indicated by using its service name for Oracle9<span class="italic">i</span> or Oracle8<span class="italic">i</span> databases or its Oracle <a href="#i432543"><span class="xrefglossterm">system identifier</span></a> for Oracle8 Release 8.0 databases. The network route provides, at a minimum, the location of the <a href="#i432300"><span class="xrefglossterm">listener</span></a> through use of a network address.</p> </div> <!-- class="glossentry" --> <a id="NTQRF556" name="NTQRF556"></a> <div class="glossentry"><!-- infolevel="all" --><a id="sthref977" name="sthref977"></a> <p class="glossterm">connect identifier</p> <p>A <a href="#i432344"><span class="xrefglossterm">net service name</span></a> or service name, that maps to a <a href="#i432969"><span class="xrefglossterm">connect descriptor</span></a>. Users initiate a connect request by passing a <a href="#i432581"><span class="xrefglossterm">username</span></a> and password along with a connect identifier in a <a href="#i432211"><span class="xrefglossterm">connect string</span></a> for the <a href="#i432487"><span class="xrefglossterm">services</span></a> to which they want to connect, for example:</p> <pre xml:space="preserve" class="oac_no_warn">CONNECT <span class="italic">username</span>/<span class="italic">password</span>@<span class="italic">connect_identifier</span> </pre></div> <!-- class="glossentry" --> <a id="i432211" name="i432211"></a><a id="NTQRF557" name="NTQRF557"></a> <div class="glossentry"><!-- infolevel="all" --><a id="sthref978" name="sthref978"></a> <p class="glossterm">connect string</p> <p>See <a href="#i432344"><span class="xrefglossterm">net service name</span></a>.</p> </div> <!-- class="glossentry" --> <a id="i432217" name="i432217"></a><a id="NTQRF558" name="NTQRF558"></a> <div class="glossentry"><!-- infolevel="all" --><a id="sthref979" name="sthref979"></a> <p class="glossterm">control files</p> <p>Files that record the physical structure of a database and contain the database name, the names and locations of associated databases and online <a href="#i432471"><span class="xrefglossterm">redo log files</span></a>, the time stamp of the database creation, the current log sequence number, and checkpoint information.</p> </div> <!-- class="glossentry" --> <a id="i433015" name="i433015"></a><a id="NTQRF559" name="NTQRF559"></a> <div class="glossentry"><!-- infolevel="all" --><a id="sthref980" name="sthref980"></a> <p class="glossterm">credentials</p> <p>A <a href="#i432581"><span class="xrefglossterm">username</span></a>, password, or certificate used to gain access to the database.</p> </div> <!-- class="glossentry" --> <a id="i432229" name="i432229"></a><a id="NTQRF560" name="NTQRF560"></a> <div class="glossentry"><!-- infolevel="all" --><a id="CBADEHFD" name="CBADEHFD"></a> <p class="glossterm">data dictionary</p> <p>A set of read-only tables that provide information about a database.</p> </div> <!-- class="glossentry" --> <a id="i433024" name="i433024"></a><a id="NTQRF561" name="NTQRF561"></a> <div class="glossentry"><!-- infolevel="all" --><a id="sthref981" name="sthref981"></a> <p class="glossterm">database alias</p> <p>See <a href="#i432344"><span class="xrefglossterm">net service name</span></a>.</p> </div> <!-- class="glossentry" --> <a id="i433030" name="i433030"></a><a id="NTQRF562" name="NTQRF562"></a> <div class="glossentry"><!-- infolevel="all" --><a id="sthref982" name="sthref982"></a> <p class="glossterm">decryption</p> <p>Process of converting contents of a message that has gone through <a href="#i433060"><span class="xrefglossterm">encryption</span></a> (ciphertext) back into its original readable format (plaintext).</p> </div> <!-- class="glossentry" --> <a id="i433039" name="i433039"></a><a id="NTQRF563" name="NTQRF563"></a> <div class="glossentry"><!-- infolevel="all" --><a id="sthref983" name="sthref983"></a> <p class="glossterm">digital certificates</p> <p>ITU X.509 v3 standard data structures that securely bind an identity to a <a href="#i433230"><span class="xrefglossterm">public key</span></a>. A certificate is created when an entity's public key is signed by a trusted identity, a <a href="#i432960"><span class="xrefglossterm">certificate authority</span></a>. The certificate ensures that the entity's information is correct and that the public key actually belongs to that entity.</p> </div> <!-- class="glossentry" --> <a id="i433048" name="i433048"></a><a id="NTQRF564" name="NTQRF564"></a> <div class="glossentry"><!-- infolevel="all" --><a id="sthref984" name="sthref984"></a> <p class="glossterm">digital signature</p> <p>Digital signatures are created when a <a href="#i433230"><span class="xrefglossterm">public key</span></a> algorithm is used to sign messages with senders' <a href="#i433212"><span class="xrefglossterm">private keys</span></a>. A digital signature assures that a document is authentic, has not been forged by another entity, has not been altered, and cannot be repudiated by the sender.</p> </div> <!-- class="glossentry" --> <a id="NTQRF565" name="NTQRF565"></a> <div class="glossentry"><!-- infolevel="all" --><a id="sthref985" name="sthref985"></a> <p class="glossterm">DLL</p> <p>See <a href="#i432246"><span class="xrefglossterm">dynamic link library</span></a>.</p> </div> <!-- class="glossentry" --> <a id="i432237" name="i432237"></a><a id="NTQRF566" name="NTQRF566"></a> <div class="glossentry"><!-- infolevel="all" --><a id="sthref986" name="sthref986"></a> <p class="glossterm">downgrade</p> <p>To convert the data in Oracle Database to an earlier Oracle release. See <a href="#i432572"><span class="xrefglossterm">upgrade</span></a> and <a href="#i432321"><span class="xrefglossterm">migrate</span></a>.</p> </div> <!-- class="glossentry" --> <a id="i432246" name="i432246"></a><a id="NTQRF567" name="NTQRF567"></a> <div class="glossentry"><!-- infolevel="all" --><a id="sthref987" name="sthref987"></a> <p class="glossterm">dynamic link library</p> <p>An executable file that a Windows application can load when needed.</p> </div> <!-- class="glossentry" --> <a id="i433060" name="i433060"></a><a id="NTQRF568" name="NTQRF568"></a> <div class="glossentry"><!-- infolevel="all" --><a id="sthref988" name="sthref988"></a> <p class="glossterm">encryption</p> <p>Process of disguising a message, rendering it unreadable to any but the intended recipient.</p> </div> <!-- class="glossentry" --> <a id="i433063" name="i433063"></a><a id="NTQRF569" name="NTQRF569"></a> <div class="glossentry"><!-- infolevel="all" --><a id="sthref989" name="sthref989"></a> <p class="glossterm">enterprise domains</p> <p>Directory constructs consisting of Oracle Database and enterprise users and roles.</p> </div> <!-- class="glossentry" --> <a id="i433072" name="i433072"></a><a id="NTQRF570" name="NTQRF570"></a> <div class="glossentry"><!-- infolevel="all" --><a id="sthref990" name="sthref990"></a> <p class="glossterm">enterprise role</p> <p>A directory structure which contains global roles on multiple databases, and which can be granted to an <a href="#i433078"><span class="xrefglossterm">enterprise user</span></a>.</p> </div> <!-- class="glossentry" --> <a id="i433078" name="i433078"></a><a id="NTQRF571" name="NTQRF571"></a> <div class="glossentry"><!-- infolevel="all" --><a id="sthref991" name="sthref991"></a> <p class="glossterm">enterprise user</p> <p>A user that has a unique identity across an enterprise. An enterprise user connects to individual databases through a <a href="#i432484"><span class="xrefglossterm">schema</span></a> and is assigned an <a href="#i433072"><span class="xrefglossterm">enterprise role</span></a> that determines the user's access privileges on databases.</p> </div> <!-- class="glossentry" --> <a id="i432249" name="i432249"></a><a id="NTQRF572" name="NTQRF572"></a> <div class="glossentry"><!-- infolevel="all" --><a id="sthref992" name="sthref992"></a> <p class="glossterm">external procedures</p> <p>Functions written in a third-generation language (C, for example) and callable from within <a href="#i432445"><span class="xrefglossterm">PL/SQL</span></a> or SQL as if they were PL/SQL functions or procedures.</p> </div> <!-- class="glossentry" --> <a id="i433097" name="i433097"></a><a id="NTQRF573" name="NTQRF573"></a> <div class="glossentry"><!-- infolevel="all" --><a id="sthref993" name="sthref993"></a> <p class="glossterm">external role</p> <p>Roles created and managed by Windows operating systems. Once an external role is created, you can grant or revoke that <a href="#i432481"><span class="xrefglossterm">role</span></a> to a database user. You must set <a href="#i433142"><span class="xrefglossterm">init.ora</span></a> parameter <code>OS_ROLES</code> to <code>true</code> and restart Oracle Database before you can create an external role. You cannot use both Windows operating systems and Oracle Database to grant roles concurrently.</p> </div> <!-- class="glossentry" --> <a id="i433324" name="i433324"></a><a id="NTQRF574" name="NTQRF574"></a> <div class="glossentry"><!-- infolevel="all" --><a id="sthref994" name="sthref994"></a> <p class="glossterm">external routine</p> <p>A function written in a third-generation language (3GL), such as C, and callable from within <a href="#i432445"><span class="xrefglossterm">PL/SQL</span></a> or SQL as if it were a PL/SQL function or procedure.</p> </div> <!-- class="glossentry" --> <a id="i433109" name="i433109"></a><a id="NTQRF575" name="NTQRF575"></a> <div class="glossentry"><!-- infolevel="all" --><a id="sthref995" name="sthref995"></a> <p class="glossterm">external user</p> <p>A user authenticated by the Windows operating system who can access Oracle Database without being prompted for a password. External users are typically regular database users (non-database administrators) to which you assign standard database roles (such as <code>DBA</code>), but do not want to assign <a href="#i432528"><span class="xrefglossterm">SYSDBA</span></a> (database administrator) or <a href="#i432534"><span class="xrefglossterm">SYSOPER</span></a> (database operator) <a href="#i432451"><span class="xrefglossterm">privilege</span></a>.</p> </div> <!-- class="glossentry" --> <a id="i432255" name="i432255"></a><a id="NTQRF576" name="NTQRF576"></a> <div class="glossentry"><!-- infolevel="all" --><a id="sthref996" name="sthref996"></a> <p class="glossterm">external user</p> <p>The Windows operating system can <a href="#i432183"><span class="xrefglossterm">authenticate</span></a> a user, who can then access Oracle Database without being prompted for a password. External users are typically regular database users (non-database administrators) to whom you assign standard database roles (such as <code>DBA</code>), but do not want to assign the <a href="#i432528"><span class="xrefglossterm">SYSDBA</span></a> (database administrator) or <a href="#i432534"><span class="xrefglossterm">SYSOPER</span></a> (database operator) <a href="#i432451"><span class="xrefglossterm">privilege</span></a>.</p> </div> <!-- class="glossentry" --> <a id="i433130" name="i433130"></a><a id="NTQRF577" name="NTQRF577"></a> <div class="glossentry"><!-- infolevel="all" --><a id="sthref997" name="sthref997"></a> <p class="glossterm">global groups</p> <p>See <a href="#i433295"><span class="xrefglossterm">Windows global groups</span></a>.</p> </div> <!-- class="glossentry" --> <a id="i433136" name="i433136"></a><a id="NTQRF578" name="NTQRF578"></a> <div class="glossentry"><!-- infolevel="all" --><a id="sthref998" name="sthref998"></a> <p class="glossterm">global role</p> <p>A role whose privileges are contained within a single database, but which is managed in a directory.</p> </div> <!-- class="glossentry" --> <a id="i432894" name="i432894"></a><a id="NTQRF579" name="NTQRF579"></a> <div class="glossentry"><!-- infolevel="all" --><a id="sthref999" name="sthref999"></a> <p class="glossterm">Globalization Support</p> <p>The Oracle Database architecture that ensures that database utilities, error messages, sort order, date, time, monetary, numeric, and calendar conventions automatically adapt to the native language and locale.</p> </div> <!-- class="glossentry" --> <a id="i432279" name="i432279"></a><a id="NTQRF580" name="NTQRF580"></a> <div class="glossentry"><!-- infolevel="all" --><a id="sthref1000" name="sthref1000"></a> <p class="glossterm"><span class="italic">HOME_NAME</span></p> <p>Represents the name of an Oracle home. In Oracle Database 11<span class="italic">g</span> Release 2 (11.2), all Oracle homes have a unique <span class="italic">HOME_NAME</span>.</p> </div> <!-- class="glossentry" --> <a id="i433142" name="i433142"></a><a id="NTQRF581" name="NTQRF581"></a> <div class="glossentry"><!-- infolevel="all" --><a id="sthref1001" name="sthref1001"></a> <p class="glossterm">init.ora</p> <p>See <a href="#i432288"><span class="xrefglossterm">initialization parameter file</span></a>.</p> </div> <!-- class="glossentry" --> <a id="i432288" name="i432288"></a><a id="NTQRF582" name="NTQRF582"></a> <div class="glossentry"><!-- infolevel="all" --><a id="sthref1002" name="sthref1002"></a> <p class="glossterm">initialization parameter file</p> <p>An ASCII text file that contains information needed to initialize a database and <a href="#CHDFBCHH"><span class="xrefglossterm">instance</span></a>.</p> </div> <!-- class="glossentry" --> <a id="NTQRF583" name="NTQRF583"></a> <div class="glossentry"><!-- infolevel="all" --><a id="CHDFBCHH" name="CHDFBCHH"></a> <p class="glossterm">instance</p> <p>Every running Oracle Database is associated with an Oracle Database or Automatic Storage Management instance. When a database is started on a database server (regardless of the type of computer), Oracle Database allocates a memory area called the <a href="#i432537"><span class="xrefglossterm">System Global Area</span></a> and starts one or more Oracle Database processes. This combination of the System Global Area and Oracle Database processes is called an instance. The memory and processes of an instance manage the associated database's data efficiently and serve the users of the database.</p> </div> <!-- class="glossentry" --> <a id="i432900" name="i432900"></a><a id="NTQRF584" name="NTQRF584"></a> <div class="glossentry"><!-- infolevel="all" --><a id="sthref1003" name="sthref1003"></a> <p class="glossterm">instantiate</p> <p>Produce a more defined version of some object by replacing variables with values (or other variables).</p> </div> <!-- class="glossentry" --> <a id="i432716" name="i432716"></a><a id="NTQRF585" name="NTQRF585"></a> <div class="glossentry"><!-- infolevel="all" --><a id="sthref1004" name="sthref1004"></a> <p class="glossterm">latch</p> <p>A simple, low-level serialization mechanism to protect shared data structures in the System Global Area.</p> </div> <!-- class="glossentry" --> <a id="i433151" name="i433151"></a><a id="NTQRF586" name="NTQRF586"></a> <div class="glossentry"><!-- infolevel="all" --><a id="sthref1005" name="sthref1005"></a> <p class="glossterm">LDAP</p> <a id="i433153" name="i433153"></a> <p>See <a href="#i433158"><span class="xrefglossterm">Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP)</span></a>.</p> </div> <!-- class="glossentry" --> <a id="i433158" name="i433158"></a><a id="NTQRF587" name="NTQRF587"></a> <div class="glossentry"><!-- infolevel="all" --><a id="sthref1006" name="sthref1006"></a> <p class="glossterm">Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP)</p> <p>A standard, extensible directory access protocol. It is a common language that LDAP clients and servers use to communicate. LDAP is a framework of design conventions supporting industry-standard directory products, such as <a href="#CHDEAFJI"><span class="xrefglossterm">Oracle Internet Directory</span></a>.</p> </div> <!-- class="glossentry" --> <a id="i432300" name="i432300"></a><a id="NTQRF588" name="NTQRF588"></a> <div class="glossentry"><!-- infolevel="all" --><a id="sthref1007" name="sthref1007"></a> <p class="glossterm">listener</p> <p>The Oracle Database server <a href="#i432454"><span class="xrefglossterm">process</span></a> that listens for and accepts incoming connection requests from client applications. The listener process starts Oracle Database processes to handle subsequent communications with the client; then it goes back to listening for new connection requests.</p> </div> <!-- class="glossentry" --> <a id="i432306" name="i432306"></a><a id="NTQRF589" name="NTQRF589"></a> <div class="glossentry"><!-- infolevel="all" --><a id="sthref1008" name="sthref1008"></a> <p class="glossterm">listener.ora</p> <p>A configuration file that describes one or more Transparent Network Substrate (TNS) listeners on a server.</p> </div> <!-- class="glossentry" --> <a id="i433171" name="i433171"></a><a id="NTQRF590" name="NTQRF590"></a> <div class="glossentry"><!-- infolevel="all" --><a id="sthref1009" name="sthref1009"></a> <p class="glossterm">local groups</p> <p>See <a href="#i433301"><span class="xrefglossterm">Windows local groups</span></a>.</p> </div> <!-- class="glossentry" --> <a id="i433177" name="i433177"></a><a id="NTQRF591" name="NTQRF591"></a> <div class="glossentry"><!-- infolevel="all" --><a id="sthref1010" name="sthref1010"></a> <p class="glossterm">local roles</p> <a id="i433187" name="i433187"></a> <p>Roles created and managed by the database. Once a local role is created, you can grant or revoke that <a href="#i432481"><span class="xrefglossterm">role</span></a> to a database user. You cannot use Windows (for <a href="#i433097"><span class="xrefglossterm">external role</span></a> management) and Oracle Database (for local role management) concurrently.</p> </div> <!-- class="glossentry" --> <a id="i432309" name="i432309"></a><a id="NTQRF592" name="NTQRF592"></a> <div class="glossentry"><!-- infolevel="all" --><a id="sthref1011" name="sthref1011"></a> <p class="glossterm">Microsoft Management Console</p> <p>An application that serves as a host for administrative tools called <a href="#i432512"><span class="xrefglossterm">snap-ins</span></a>. By itself, Microsoft Management Console does not provide any functionality.</p> </div> <!-- class="glossentry" --> <a id="i432315" name="i432315"></a><a id="NTQRF593" name="NTQRF593"></a> <div class="glossentry"><!-- infolevel="all" --><a id="sthref1012" name="sthref1012"></a> <p class="glossterm">Microsoft Transaction Server</p> <p>A transaction processing system based on <a href="#i432205"><span class="xrefglossterm">COM</span></a> that runs on an Internet or network server.</p> </div> <!-- class="glossentry" --> <a id="i432321" name="i432321"></a><a id="NTQRF594" name="NTQRF594"></a> <div class="glossentry"><!-- infolevel="all" --><a id="sthref1013" name="sthref1013"></a> <p class="glossterm">migrate</p> <p>To <a href="#i432572"><span class="xrefglossterm">upgrade</span></a> or <a href="#i432237"><span class="xrefglossterm">downgrade</span></a> an Oracle Database or convert the data in a non-Oracle database into an Oracle Database.</p> </div> <!-- class="glossentry" --> <a id="i432330" name="i432330"></a><a id="NTQRF595" name="NTQRF595"></a> <div class="glossentry"><!-- infolevel="all" --><a id="sthref1014" name="sthref1014"></a> <p class="glossterm">mount</p> <p>To associate a database with an <a href="#CHDFBCHH"><span class="xrefglossterm">instance</span></a> that has been started.</p> </div> <!-- class="glossentry" --> <a id="NTQRF596" name="NTQRF596"></a> <div class="glossentry"><!-- infolevel="all" --><a id="sthref1015" name="sthref1015"></a> <p class="glossterm">MTS</p> <p>See <a href="#i432315"><span class="xrefglossterm">Microsoft Transaction Server</span></a></p> </div> <!-- class="glossentry" --> <a id="i432341" name="i432341"></a><a id="NTQRF597" name="NTQRF597"></a> <div class="glossentry"><!-- infolevel="all" --><a id="CHDIAIIB" name="CHDIAIIB"></a> <p class="glossterm">multiple Oracle homes</p> <p>The capability of having multiple Oracle home on a computer.</p> </div> <!-- class="glossentry" --> <a id="i432344" name="i432344"></a><a id="NTQRF598" name="NTQRF598"></a> <div class="glossentry"><!-- infolevel="all" --><a id="sthref1016" name="sthref1016"></a> <p class="glossterm">net service name</p> <p>The name used by clients to identify an Oracle Net server and the specific <a href="#i432543"><span class="xrefglossterm">system identifier</span></a> or database for the <a href="#i433191"><span class="xrefglossterm">Oracle Net</span></a> connection. A net service name is mapped to a port number and protocol. Also known as a connect string, database alias, host string, or service name.</p> <p>This also identifies the specific system identifier or database to which the connection is attaching, not just the Oracle Net server.</p> </div> <!-- class="glossentry" --> <a id="i432354" name="i432354"></a><a id="NTQRF599" name="NTQRF599"></a> <div class="glossentry"><!-- infolevel="all" --><a id="sthref1017" name="sthref1017"></a> <p class="glossterm">network listener</p> <p>A listener on a server that listens for connection requests for one or more databases on one or more protocols. See <a href="#i432300"><span class="xrefglossterm">listener</span></a>.</p> </div> <!-- class="glossentry" --> <a id="NTQRF600" name="NTQRF600"></a> <div class="glossentry"><!-- infolevel="all" --><a id="sthref1018" name="sthref1018"></a> <p class="glossterm">network service</p> <p>In an Oracle application network, a service performs tasks for its service consumers. For example, a Names Server provides name resolution services for clients.</p> </div> <!-- class="glossentry" --> <a id="i432362" name="i432362"></a><a id="NTQRF601" name="NTQRF601"></a> <div class="glossentry"><!-- infolevel="all" --><a id="sthref1019" name="sthref1019"></a> <p class="glossterm">obfuscated</p> <p>Protected by a process often used by companies for intellectual property written in the form of Java programs. The obfuscation process mixes up Java symbols found in the code. It leaves the original program structure intact, allowing the program to run correctly, while changing the names of the classes, methods, and variables to hide the intended behavior. Although it is possible to decompile and read non-obfuscated Java code, obfuscated Java code is sufficiently difficult to decompile to satisfy U.S. government export controls.</p> </div> <!-- class="glossentry" --> <a id="NTQRF602" name="NTQRF602"></a> <div class="glossentry"><!-- infolevel="all" --><a id="sthref1020" name="sthref1020"></a> <p class="glossterm">OCI</p> <p>See <a href="#i432389"><span class="xrefglossterm">Oracle Call Interface</span></a>.</p> </div> <!-- class="glossentry" --> <a id="NTQRF603" name="NTQRF603"></a> <div class="glossentry"><!-- infolevel="all" --><a id="sthref1021" name="sthref1021"></a> <p class="glossterm">OFA</p> <p>See <a href="#i432386"><span class="xrefglossterm">Optimal Flexible Architecture</span></a>.</p> </div> <!-- class="glossentry" --> <a id="i432386" name="i432386"></a><a id="NTQRF604" name="NTQRF604"></a> <div class="glossentry"><!-- infolevel="all" --><a id="CHDEACCG" name="CHDEACCG"></a> <p class="glossterm">Optimal Flexible Architecture</p> <p>A set of file naming and placement guidelines for Oracle Database software and databases.</p> </div> <!-- class="glossentry" --> <a id="i432427" name="i432427"></a><a id="NTQRF605" name="NTQRF605"></a> <div class="glossentry"><!-- infolevel="all" --><a id="g998168" name="g998168"></a> <p class="glossterm"><span class="italic">ORACLE_BASE</span></p> <p><span class="italic">ORACLE_BASE</span> is the root of the Oracle Database directory tree. If you install an OFA-compliant database using Oracle Universal Installer defaults, then <span class="italic">ORACLE_BASE</span> is <code>X:\app\oracle\product\11.2.0</code> where <code>X</code> is any hard drive.</p> </div> <!-- class="glossentry" --> <a id="i432389" name="i432389"></a><a id="NTQRF606" name="NTQRF606"></a> <div class="glossentry"><!-- infolevel="all" --><a id="sthref1022" name="sthref1022"></a> <p class="glossterm">Oracle Call Interface</p> <p>An application programming interface that enables you to manipulate data and <a href="#i432484"><span class="xrefglossterm">schema</span></a> in an Oracle Database. You compile and link an Oracle Call Interface application in the same way that you compile and link a non-database application. There is no need for a separate preprocessing or precompilation step.</p> </div> <!-- class="glossentry" --> <a id="i432430" name="i432430"></a><a id="NTQRF607" name="NTQRF607"></a> <div class="glossentry"><!-- infolevel="all" --><a id="CHDHBEDE" name="CHDHBEDE"></a> <p class="glossterm"><span class="italic">ORACLE_HOME</span></p> <p>Corresponds to the environment in which Oracle Database products run. This environment includes the location of installed product files, the PATH variable pointing to the binary files of installed products, <a href="#i432474"><span class="xrefglossterm">registry</span></a> entries, <a href="#i432344"><span class="xrefglossterm">net service name</span></a>s, and program groups.</p> <p>If you install an OFA-compliant database, using Oracle Universal Installer defaults, then Oracle home (known as <span class="italic">ORACLE_HOME</span> in this guide) is located beneath <span class="italic">ORACLE_BASE.</span> It contains subdirectories for Oracle Database software executables and network files.</p> </div> <!-- class="glossentry" --> <a id="i432395" name="i432395"></a><a id="NTQRF608" name="NTQRF608"></a> <div class="glossentry"><!-- infolevel="all" --><a id="CHDEAFJI" name="CHDEAFJI"></a> <p class="glossterm">Oracle Internet Directory</p> <p>An Oracle Database-based LDAP V3 directory server, used for centralizing database user, <a href="#i433191"><span class="xrefglossterm">Oracle Net</span></a> network connector, and database <a href="#i432300"><span class="xrefglossterm">listener</span></a> parameters. Oracle Internet Directory ships only with Oracle Application Server, not the Oracle Database 11g product set.</p> </div> <!-- class="glossentry" --> <a id="i433191" name="i433191"></a><a id="NTQRF609" name="NTQRF609"></a> <div class="glossentry"><!-- infolevel="all" --><a id="sthref1023" name="sthref1023"></a> <p class="glossterm">Oracle Net</p> <p>A component of <a href="#i433200"><span class="xrefglossterm">Oracle Net Services</span></a> that enables a network session from a client application to an Oracle Database server. Once a network session is established, Oracle Net acts as a data courier for the client application and the database server. It is responsible for establishing and maintaining the connection between the client application and database server, and exchanging messages between them. Oracle Net can perform these jobs because it is located on each computer in the network.</p> </div> <!-- class="glossentry" --> <a id="i433200" name="i433200"></a><a id="NTQRF610" name="NTQRF610"></a> <div class="glossentry"><!-- infolevel="all" --><a id="sthref1024" name="sthref1024"></a> <p class="glossterm">Oracle Net Services</p> <p>A suite of networking components that provide enterprise-wide connectivity solutions in distributed, heterogeneous computing environments. Oracle Net Services are comprised of <a href="#i433191"><span class="xrefglossterm">Oracle Net</span></a>, <a href="#i432300"><span class="xrefglossterm">listener</span></a>, Oracle Connection Manager, Oracle Net Configuration Assistant, and Oracle Net Manager.</p> </div> <!-- class="glossentry" --> <a id="i432412" name="i432412"></a><a id="NTQRF611" name="NTQRF611"></a> <div class="glossentry"><!-- infolevel="all" --><a id="sthref1025" name="sthref1025"></a> <p class="glossterm">Oracle PKI</p> <p>Oracle Advanced Security includes Oracle PKI (public key infrastructure) integration for authentication and single sign-on. Oracle-based applications are integrated with the PKI authentication and encryption framework, using Oracle Wallet Manager.</p> </div> <!-- class="glossentry" --> <a id="i432415" name="i432415"></a><a id="NTQRF612" name="NTQRF612"></a> <div class="glossentry"><!-- infolevel="all" --><a id="sthref1026" name="sthref1026"></a> <p class="glossterm">Oracle Protocol Support</p> <p>A product that maps the functions of a given network protocol into Oracle Transparent Network Substrate (TNS) architecture. This process translates TNS function calls into requests to the underlying network protocol. This allows TNS to act as an interface among all protocols. <a href="#i433191"><span class="xrefglossterm">Oracle Net</span></a> requires Oracle Protocol Support.</p> </div> <!-- class="glossentry" --> <a id="i432421" name="i432421"></a><a id="NTQRF613" name="NTQRF613"></a> <div class="glossentry"><!-- infolevel="all" --><a id="sthref1027" name="sthref1027"></a> <p class="glossterm">Oracle services</p> <p>Windows <a href="#i432487"><span class="xrefglossterm">services</span></a> that are associated with particular Oracle Database components.</p> </div> <!-- class="glossentry" --> <a id="CHDIAJDB" name="CHDIAJDB"></a><a id="NTQRF614" name="NTQRF614"></a> <div class="glossentry"><!-- infolevel="all" --><a id="CHDEJBBC" name="CHDEJBBC"></a> <p class="glossterm">Oracle VSS writer</p> <p>A service on Windows systems that acts as coordinator between an Oracle database instance and other VSS components, enabling data providers to create a shadow copy of files managed by the Oracle instance. For example, the Oracle VSS writer can place datafiles in hot backup mode to provide a recoverable copy of these datafiles in a shadow copy set.</p> </div> <!-- class="glossentry" --> <a id="i432445" name="i432445"></a><a id="NTQRF615" name="NTQRF615"></a> <div class="glossentry"><!-- infolevel="all" --><a id="sthref1028" name="sthref1028"></a> <p class="glossterm">PL/SQL</p> <p>Procedural language extension to SQL that is part of Oracle Database.</p> <p>PL/SQL enables you to mix SQL statements with procedural constructs. You can define and run PL/SQL program units such as procedures, functions, and packages.</p> </div> <!-- class="glossentry" --> <a id="NTQRF616" name="NTQRF616"></a> <div class="glossentry"><!-- infolevel="all" --><a id="sthref1029" name="sthref1029"></a> <p class="glossterm">precompiler</p> <p>A programming tool that enables you to embed SQL statements in a high-level source program.</p> </div> <!-- class="glossentry" --> <a id="i433212" name="i433212"></a><a id="NTQRF617" name="NTQRF617"></a> <div class="glossentry"><!-- infolevel="all" --><a id="sthref1030" name="sthref1030"></a> <p class="glossterm">private keys</p> <p>In <a href="#i433239"><span class="xrefglossterm">public key cryptography</span></a>, these are the secret keys. They are used primarily for <a href="#i433030"><span class="xrefglossterm">decryption</span></a> but also for <a href="#i433060"><span class="xrefglossterm">encryption</span></a> with a <a href="#i433048"><span class="xrefglossterm">digital signature</span></a>.</p> </div> <!-- class="glossentry" --> <a id="i432451" name="i432451"></a><a id="NTQRF618" name="NTQRF618"></a> <div class="glossentry"><!-- infolevel="all" --><a id="sthref1031" name="sthref1031"></a> <p class="glossterm">privilege</p> <p>A right to run a particular type of SQL statement or to access another user's object.</p> </div> <!-- class="glossentry" --> <a id="i432454" name="i432454"></a><a id="NTQRF619" name="NTQRF619"></a> <div class="glossentry"><!-- infolevel="all" --><a id="sthref1032" name="sthref1032"></a> <p class="glossterm">process</p> <p>A mechanism in an operating system that can run an executable. (Some operating systems use the terms job or task.) A process normally has its own private memory area in which it runs. On Windows a process is created when an application runs (such as Oracle Database or Microsoft Word). In addition to an executable program, all processes consist of at least one <a href="#i432558"><span class="xrefglossterm">thread</span></a>. The Oracle Database master process contains hundreds of threads.</p> </div> <!-- class="glossentry" --> <a id="CHDDEGFI" name="CHDDEGFI"></a><a id="NTQRF620" name="NTQRF620"></a> <div class="glossentry"><!-- infolevel="all" --><a id="CHDHBBBH" name="CHDHBBBH"></a> <p class="glossterm">provider</p> <p>Software or hardware that creates shadow copies on demand. Typically, a provider is a disk storage system. In response to a request from a requester, a provider responds to VSS COM messages to create and maintain shadow copies.</p> </div> <!-- class="glossentry" --> <a id="i433230" name="i433230"></a><a id="NTQRF621" name="NTQRF621"></a> <div class="glossentry"><!-- infolevel="all" --><a id="sthref1033" name="sthref1033"></a> <p class="glossterm">public key</p> <p>In <a href="#i433239"><span class="xrefglossterm">public key cryptography</span></a>, this key is made public to all. It is primarily used for <a href="#i433060"><span class="xrefglossterm">encryption</span></a> but can also be used for verifying signatures.</p> </div> <!-- class="glossentry" --> <a id="i433239" name="i433239"></a><a id="NTQRF622" name="NTQRF622"></a> <div class="glossentry"><!-- infolevel="all" --><a id="sthref1034" name="sthref1034"></a> <p class="glossterm">public key cryptography</p> <p>Public key cryptography involves information <a href="#i433060"><span class="xrefglossterm">encryption</span></a> and <a href="#i433030"><span class="xrefglossterm">decryption</span></a> using a shared <a href="#i433230"><span class="xrefglossterm">public key</span></a> paired with <a href="#i433212"><span class="xrefglossterm">private keys</span></a>. Provides for secure, private communications within a public network.</p> </div> <!-- class="glossentry" --> <a id="i433264" name="i433264"></a><a id="NTQRF623" name="NTQRF623"></a> <div class="glossentry"><!-- infolevel="all" --><a id="sthref1035" name="sthref1035"></a> <p class="glossterm">quota</p> <p>A limit on a resource, such as a limit on the amount of database storage used by a database user. A database administrator can set <a href="#i432555"><span class="xrefglossterm">tablespace</span></a> quotas for each Oracle Database <a href="#i432581"><span class="xrefglossterm">username</span></a>.</p> </div> <!-- class="glossentry" --> <a id="i432460" name="i432460"></a><a id="NTQRF624" name="NTQRF624"></a> <div class="glossentry"><!-- infolevel="all" --><a id="sthref1036" name="sthref1036"></a> <p class="glossterm">raw partitions</p> <p>Portions of a physical disk that are accessed at the lowest possible disk (block) level.</p> </div> <!-- class="glossentry" --> <a id="i432925" name="i432925"></a><a id="NTQRF625" name="NTQRF625"></a> <div class="glossentry"><!-- infolevel="all" --><a id="sthref1037" name="sthref1037"></a> <p class="glossterm">recovery</p> <p>To restore a physical <a href="#i432192"><span class="xrefglossterm">backup</span></a> is to reconstruct it and make it available to the Oracle Database server. To recover a restored backup is to update it using redo records (that is, records of changes made to the database after the backup was taken). Recovering a backup involves two distinct operations: rolling forward the backup to a more current time by applying redo data, and rolling back all changes made in uncommitted transactions to their original state.</p> </div> <!-- class="glossentry" --> <a id="i433327" name="i433327"></a><a id="NTQRF626" name="NTQRF626"></a> <div class="glossentry"><!-- infolevel="all" --><a id="sthref1038" name="sthref1038"></a> <p class="glossterm">redo log buffer</p> <p>A circular buffer in the <a href="#i432537"><span class="xrefglossterm">System Global Area</span></a> that contains information about changes made to the database.</p> </div> <!-- class="glossentry" --> <a id="i432471" name="i432471"></a><a id="NTQRF627" name="NTQRF627"></a> <div class="glossentry"><!-- infolevel="all" --><a id="sthref1039" name="sthref1039"></a> <p class="glossterm">redo log files</p> <p>Files that contain a record of all changes made to data in the database buffer cache. If an instance failure occurs, then the redo log files are used to recover the modified data that was in memory.</p> </div> <!-- class="glossentry" --> <a id="i432474" name="i432474"></a><a id="NTQRF628" name="NTQRF628"></a> <div class="glossentry"><!-- infolevel="all" --><a id="sthref1040" name="sthref1040"></a> <p class="glossterm">registry</p> <p>A Windows repository that stores configuration information for a computer.</p> </div> <!-- class="glossentry" --> <a id="i432934" name="i432934"></a><a id="NTQRF629" name="NTQRF629"></a> <div class="glossentry"><!-- infolevel="all" --><a id="CBAFEDFA" name="CBAFEDFA"></a> <p class="glossterm">remote computer</p> <p>A computer on a network other than the local computer.</p> </div> <!-- class="glossentry" --> <a id="i433328" name="i433328"></a><a id="NTQRF630" name="NTQRF630"></a> <div class="glossentry"><!-- infolevel="all" --><a id="CBAFJIGI" name="CBAFJIGI"></a> <p class="glossterm">remote database</p> <p>A database on a computer other than the local database.</p> </div> <!-- class="glossentry" --> <a id="CHDCBECG" name="CHDCBECG"></a><a id="NTQRF631" name="NTQRF631"></a> <div class="glossentry"><!-- infolevel="all" --><a id="CHDJEICA" name="CHDJEICA"></a> <p class="glossterm">requester</p> <p>An application that uses the VSS API to create shadow copies. Requester applications communicate with VSS writers to gather information on the system and to signal writers to prepare data for backup. The requester maintain control over VSS backup and restore operations by generating COM events through calls in the VSS API.</p> </div> <!-- class="glossentry" --> <a id="i433329" name="i433329"></a><a id="NTQRF632" name="NTQRF632"></a> <div class="glossentry"><!-- infolevel="all" --><a id="sthref1041" name="sthref1041"></a> <p class="glossterm">replication</p> <p>The process of copying and maintaining database objects in multiple databases that make up a distributed database system.</p> </div> <!-- class="glossentry" --> <a id="i432481" name="i432481"></a><a id="NTQRF633" name="NTQRF633"></a> <div class="glossentry"><!-- infolevel="all" --><a id="sthref1042" name="sthref1042"></a> <p class="glossterm">role</p> <p>A named groups of related privileges. You can grant a role to users or to another role.</p> </div> <!-- class="glossentry" --> <a id="i432484" name="i432484"></a><a id="NTQRF634" name="NTQRF634"></a> <div class="glossentry"><!-- infolevel="all" --><a id="sthref1043" name="sthref1043"></a> <p class="glossterm">schema</p> <p>A named collection of objects, such as tables, views, clusters, procedures, and packages, associated with one or more particular users.</p> </div> <!-- class="glossentry" --> <a id="i432487" name="i432487"></a><a id="NTQRF635" name="NTQRF635"></a> <div class="glossentry"><!-- infolevel="all" --><a id="sthref1044" name="sthref1044"></a> <p class="glossterm">services</p> <p>Executable processes installed in the Windows <a href="#i432474"><span class="xrefglossterm">registry</span></a> and administered by Windows. Once services are created and started, they can run even when no user is logged on to the computer.</p> </div> <!-- class="glossentry" --> <a id="NTQRF636" name="NTQRF636"></a> <div class="glossentry"><!-- infolevel="all" --><a id="sthref1045" name="sthref1045"></a> <p class="glossterm">service name</p> <p>See <a href="#i432344"><span class="xrefglossterm">net service name</span></a>.</p> </div> <!-- class="glossentry" --> <a id="NTQRF637" name="NTQRF637"></a> <div class="glossentry"><!-- infolevel="all" --><a id="sthref1046" name="sthref1046"></a> <p class="glossterm">SGA</p> <p>See <a href="#i432537"><span class="xrefglossterm">System Global Area</span></a>.</p> </div> <!-- class="glossentry" --> <a id="CHDJIHHH" name="CHDJIHHH"></a><a id="NTQRF638" name="NTQRF638"></a> <div class="glossentry"><!-- infolevel="all" --><a id="CHDJHEAD" name="CHDJHEAD"></a> <p class="glossterm">shadow copy</p> <p>A consistent snapshot of a component or volume.</p> </div> <!-- class="glossentry" --> <a id="CHDBEACJ" name="CHDBEACJ"></a><a id="NTQRF639" name="NTQRF639"></a> <div class="glossentry"><!-- infolevel="all" --><a id="CHDEGJEJ" name="CHDEGJEJ"></a> <p class="glossterm">shadow copy set</p> <p>A collection of shadow copies that are all taken at the same time.</p> </div> <!-- class="glossentry" --> <a id="i432503" name="i432503"></a><a id="NTQRF640" name="NTQRF640"></a> <div class="glossentry"><!-- infolevel="all" --><a id="sthref1047" name="sthref1047"></a> <p class="glossterm">Shared Server Process</p> <p>A server configuration which allows many user processes to share very few server processes. The user processes connect to a dispatcher background process, which routes client requests to the next available shared server process.</p> </div> <!-- class="glossentry" --> <a id="i432506" name="i432506"></a><a id="NTQRF641" name="NTQRF641"></a> <div class="glossentry"><!-- infolevel="all" --><a id="sthref1048" name="sthref1048"></a> <p class="glossterm">SID</p> <p>See <a href="#i432543"><span class="xrefglossterm">system identifier</span></a>.</p> </div> <!-- class="glossentry" --> <a id="i432512" name="i432512"></a><a id="NTQRF642" name="NTQRF642"></a> <div class="glossentry"><!-- infolevel="all" --><a id="sthref1049" name="sthref1049"></a> <p class="glossterm">snap-ins</p> <p>Administrative tools that run within <a href="#i432309"><span class="xrefglossterm">Microsoft Management Console</span></a>.</p> </div> <!-- class="glossentry" --> <a id="i432518" name="i432518"></a><a id="NTQRF643" name="NTQRF643"></a> <div class="glossentry"><!-- infolevel="all" --><a id="sthref1050" name="sthref1050"></a> <p class="glossterm">snapshot</p> <p>(1) Information stored in rollback segments provide transaction <a href="#i432925"><span class="xrefglossterm">recovery</span></a> and read consistency. Use Rollback segment information to re-create a snapshot of a row before an update.</p> <p>(2) A point-in-time copy of a master table located on a remote site. Read-only snapshots can be queried, but not updated. Updateable snapshots can be queried and updated. They are periodically refreshed to reflect changes made to the master table, and at the snapshot site.</p> </div> <!-- class="glossentry" --> <a id="i432525" name="i432525"></a><a id="NTQRF644" name="NTQRF644"></a> <div class="glossentry"><!-- infolevel="all" --><a id="CBACJBHB" name="CBACJBHB"></a> <p class="glossterm">starter database</p> <p>A preconfigured, ready-to-use database that requires minimal user input to create.</p> </div> <!-- class="glossentry" --> <a id="i432528" name="i432528"></a><a id="NTQRF645" name="NTQRF645"></a> <div class="glossentry"><!-- infolevel="all" --><a id="sthref1051" name="sthref1051"></a> <p class="glossterm">SYSDBA</p> <p>A special database administration role that contains all system privileges with the <code>ADMIN</code> <code>OPTION</code>, and the <a href="#i432534"><span class="xrefglossterm">SYSOPER</span></a> system privilege. <code>SYSDBA</code> also permits <code>CREATE DATABASE</code> actions and time-based recovery.</p> </div> <!-- class="glossentry" --> <a id="i432534" name="i432534"></a><a id="NTQRF646" name="NTQRF646"></a> <div class="glossentry"><!-- infolevel="all" --><a id="sthref1052" name="sthref1052"></a> <p class="glossterm">SYSOPER</p> <p>A special database administration role that permits a database administrator to perform <code>STARTUP</code>, <code>SHUTDOWN</code>, <code>ALTER</code> <code>DATABASE</code> <code>OPEN/MOUNT</code>, <code>ALTER</code> <code>DATABASE</code> <code>BACKUP</code>, <code>ARCHIVE</code> <code>LOG</code>, and <code>RECOVER</code>, and includes the <code>RESTRICTED</code> <code>SESSION</code> privilege.</p> </div> <!-- class="glossentry" --> <a id="i432537" name="i432537"></a><a id="NTQRF647" name="NTQRF647"></a> <div class="glossentry"><!-- infolevel="all" --><a id="sthref1053" name="sthref1053"></a> <p class="glossterm">System Global Area</p> <p>A group of shared memory structures that contain data and control information for an Oracle Database <a href="#CHDFBCHH"><span class="xrefglossterm">instance</span></a>.</p> </div> <!-- class="glossentry" --> <a id="i432543" name="i432543"></a><a id="NTQRF648" name="NTQRF648"></a> <div class="glossentry"><!-- infolevel="all" --><a id="sthref1054" name="sthref1054"></a> <p class="glossterm">system identifier</p> <p>A unique name for an Oracle Database <a href="#CHDFBCHH"><span class="xrefglossterm">instance</span></a>. To switch between instances of Oracle Database, users must specify the desired system identifier. The system identifier is included in the <code>CONNECT</code> <code>DATA</code> parts of the connect descriptors in a tnsnames.ora file, and in the definition of the <a href="#i432354"><span class="xrefglossterm">network listener</span></a> in a tnsnames.ora file.</p> </div> <!-- class="glossentry" --> <a id="i432552" name="i432552"></a><a id="NTQRF649" name="NTQRF649"></a> <div class="glossentry"><!-- infolevel="all" --><a id="sthref1055" name="sthref1055"></a> <p class="glossterm">SYSTEM</p> <p>One of two standard database administrator usernames automatically created with each database. (The other username is <code>SYS</code>.). The <code>SYSTEM</code> username is the preferred username for database administrators to use for database maintenance.</p> </div> <!-- class="glossentry" --> <a id="i432555" name="i432555"></a><a id="NTQRF650" name="NTQRF650"></a> <div class="glossentry"><!-- infolevel="all" --><a id="sthref1056" name="sthref1056"></a> <p class="glossterm">tablespace</p> <p>A database is divided into one or more logical storage units called tablespaces. Tablespaces are divided into logical units of storage called segments, which are further divided into extents.</p> </div> <!-- class="glossentry" --> <a id="i432558" name="i432558"></a><a id="NTQRF651" name="NTQRF651"></a> <div class="glossentry"><!-- infolevel="all" --><a id="sthref1057" name="sthref1057"></a> <p class="glossterm">thread</p> <p>An individual path of execution within a <a href="#i432454"><span class="xrefglossterm">process</span></a>. Threads are objects within a process that run program instructions. Threads allow concurrent operations within a process so that a process can run different parts of its program simultaneously on different processors. A thread is the most fundamental component that can be scheduled on Windows.</p> </div> <!-- class="glossentry" --> <a id="i432564" name="i432564"></a><a id="NTQRF652" name="NTQRF652"></a> <div class="glossentry"><!-- infolevel="all" --><a id="sthref1058" name="sthref1058"></a> <p class="glossterm">tnsnames.ora</p> <p>A file that contains connect descriptors mapped to net service names. The file can be maintained centrally or locally, for use by all or individual clients.</p> </div> <!-- class="glossentry" --> <a id="i433345" name="i433345"></a><a id="NTQRF653" name="NTQRF653"></a> <div class="glossentry"><!-- infolevel="all" --><a id="sthref1059" name="sthref1059"></a> <p class="glossterm">trace file</p> <p>Each server and background <a href="#i432454"><span class="xrefglossterm">process</span></a> can write to an associated trace file. When a process detects an internal error, it dumps information about the error to its trace file. Some information written to a trace file is intended for the database administrator, while other information is intended for Oracle Support Services. Trace file information is also used to tune applications and instances.</p> </div> <!-- class="glossentry" --> <a id="i433276" name="i433276"></a><a id="NTQRF654" name="NTQRF654"></a> <div class="glossentry"><!-- infolevel="all" --><a id="sthref1060" name="sthref1060"></a> <p class="glossterm">trust points</p> <p>Trust points or trusted certificates are third party identities that are qualified with a level of trust. A trusted certificate is used when an identity is being validated as the entity it claims to be. Certificate authorities you trust are called trusted certificates. If there are several levels of trusted certificates, a trusted certificate at a lower level in the certificate chain does not need to have all its higher level certificates reverified.</p> </div> <!-- class="glossentry" --> <a id="i433282" name="i433282"></a><a id="NTQRF655" name="NTQRF655"></a> <div class="glossentry"><!-- infolevel="all" --><a id="sthref1061" name="sthref1061"></a> <p class="glossterm">universal groups</p> <p>Universal groups are available in Windows. They can contain other groups, including other universal groups, <a href="#i433171"><span class="xrefglossterm">local groups</span></a>, and <a href="#i433130"><span class="xrefglossterm">global groups</span></a>.</p> </div> <!-- class="glossentry" --> <a id="i432572" name="i432572"></a><a id="NTQRF656" name="NTQRF656"></a> <div class="glossentry"><!-- infolevel="all" --><a id="sthref1062" name="sthref1062"></a> <p class="glossterm">upgrade</p> <p>To convert the data in an Oracle Database into a later release. See <a href="#i432237"><span class="xrefglossterm">downgrade</span></a> and <a href="#i432321"><span class="xrefglossterm">migrate</span></a>.</p> </div> <!-- class="glossentry" --> <a id="i432581" name="i432581"></a><a id="NTQRF657" name="NTQRF657"></a> <div class="glossentry"><!-- infolevel="all" --><a id="CBAFEGBI" name="CBAFEGBI"></a> <p class="glossterm">username</p> <p>A name that can connect to and access objects in a database.</p> </div> <!-- class="glossentry" --> <a id="i432584" name="i432584"></a><a id="NTQRF658" name="NTQRF658"></a> <div class="glossentry"><!-- infolevel="all" --><a id="sthref1063" name="sthref1063"></a> <p class="glossterm">view</p> <p>A selective presentation of the structure and data of one or more tables. Views can also be based on other views.</p> </div> <!-- class="glossentry" --> <a id="CHDJHIBC" name="CHDJHIBC"></a><a id="NTQRF659" name="NTQRF659"></a> <div class="glossentry"><!-- infolevel="all" --><a id="CHDIAEED" name="CHDIAEED"></a> <p class="glossterm">volume-based shadow copies</p> <p>VSS snapshots of complete drives or volumes.</p> </div> <!-- class="glossentry" --> <a id="CHDEJEIH" name="CHDEJEIH"></a><a id="NTQRF660" name="NTQRF660"></a> <div class="glossentry"><!-- infolevel="all" --><a id="CHDJHEJH" name="CHDJHEJH"></a> <p class="glossterm">Volume Shadow Copy Service (VSS)</p> <p>An infrastructure on Windows server platforms that enables requesters, writers and providers to participate in creation of consistent snapshots called Shadow Copies. The VSS service uses well-defined COM interfaces.</p> </div> <!-- class="glossentry" --> <a id="i433295" name="i433295"></a><a id="NTQRF661" name="NTQRF661"></a> <div class="glossentry"><!-- infolevel="all" --><a id="sthref1064" name="sthref1064"></a> <p class="glossterm">Windows global groups</p> <p>Groups that can be granted permissions and rights in their own domain, member servers and workstations of their domain, and in trusted domains. They can also become members of <a href="#i433301"><span class="xrefglossterm">Windows local groups</span></a> in all these places. But global groups can contain user accounts only from their own domains.</p> </div> <!-- class="glossentry" --> <a id="i433301" name="i433301"></a><a id="NTQRF662" name="NTQRF662"></a> <div class="glossentry"><!-- infolevel="all" --><a id="sthref1065" name="sthref1065"></a> <p class="glossterm">Windows local groups</p> <p>Groups that can be granted permissions and rights only for its own computer or, if part of a domain, to the domain controllers of that domain. Local groups can, however, contain user accounts and <a href="#i433295"><span class="xrefglossterm">Windows global groups</span></a> from both their own domain and from trusted domains</p> </div> <!-- class="glossentry" --> <a id="CHDDEGHB" name="CHDDEGHB"></a><a id="NTQRF663" name="NTQRF663"></a> <div class="glossentry"><!-- infolevel="all" --><a id="CHDGHIBH" name="CHDGHIBH"></a> <p class="glossterm">writer</p> <p>An application or service that stores persistent information on disk and cooperates with providers and requesters within the VSS infrastructure.</p> </div> <!-- class="glossentry" --></div> <!-- class="ind" --> <div class="footer"> <hr /> <table class="simple oac_no_warn" summary="" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%"> <col width="33%" /> <col width="*" /> <col width="33%" /> <tr> <td align="left"> <table class="simple oac_no_warn" summary="" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="98"> <tr> <td align="center" valign="top"><a href="ap_unix.htm"><img width="24" height="24" src="../../dcommon/gifs/leftnav.gif" alt="Go to previous page" /><br /> <span class="icon">Previous</span></a></td> <td align="center" valign="top"><a href="index.htm"><img width="24" height="24" src="../../dcommon/gifs/rightnav.gif" alt="Go to next page" /><br /> <span class="icon">Next</span></a></td> </tr> </table> </td> <td style="font-size: 90%" align="center" class="copyrightlogo"><img width="144" height="18" src="../../dcommon/gifs/oracle.gif" alt="Oracle" /><br /> Copyright © 1996, 2010, Oracle and/or its affiliates. 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