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name="CHDFHIFE"></a><a id="ADMQS004" name="ADMQS004"></a> <h1 class="chapter"><span class="secnum">4</span> Configuring the Network Environment</h1> <p>After installing Oracle Database, you have a fully functional database with a client/server network environment that has been minimally configured.</p> <p>This chapter contains the following sections to help you completely configure your client/server network:</p> <ul> <li> <p><a href="#CHDBHJGJ">Understanding Network Configuration</a></p> </li> <li> <p><a href="#BHCGGHDA">Viewing Listener Configuration</a></p> </li> <li> <p><a href="#CIHHJEDF">Starting and Stopping the Listener</a></p> </li> <li> <p><a href="#CIHJHJGJ">Connecting to an Oracle Database from a Client Computer</a></p> </li> <li> <p><a href="#BABIGFGD">Networking: Oracle By Example Series</a></p> </li> </ul> <a id="CHDBHJGJ" name="CHDBHJGJ"></a><a id="ADMQS041" name="ADMQS041"></a> <div class="sect1"><!-- infolevel="all" infotype="General" --> <h2 class="sect1">Understanding Network Configuration</h2> <p>A <span class="bold">client</span> is any application that connects to Oracle Database to send or retrieve data. An Oracle Database client application can reside on any computer that has Oracle Database client software installed.</p> <p><a id="sthref136" name="sthref136"></a><a id="sthref137" name="sthref137"></a>Oracle Net is a software layer that resides on the client computer and on the Oracle Database host computer. It establishes and maintains the connection between the client application and the database over a network, and exchanges messages between them using industry standard protocols.</p> <p>For a client application and a database to communicate, the client application must be able to identify the database it wants to connect to, and the database must provide an identification. You can use a service name to connect to a database. A <span class="bold">service name</span> is a logical representation of a database, which is the way a database is presented to clients. A single database can be presented as multiple services.</p> <p>Service names can provide location transparency so that the client application does not have to know the server's location. If the database is moved to another location, then you must reconfigure only Oracle Net. No changes are necessary to client applications.</p> <p>This section contains these topics:</p> <ul> <li> <p><a href="#BHCCGBAJ">Oracle Net Listener Configuration</a></p> </li> <li> <p><a href="#BHCCFDCF">Client Connections</a></p> </li> <li> <p><a href="#BHCCCFJH">Tools for Network Configuration</a></p> </li> </ul> <div class="infoboxnotealso"> <p class="notep1">See Also:</p> <a class="olink NETAG001" href="http://www.oracle.com/pls/db112/lookup?id=NETAG001"><span class="italic">Oracle Database Net Services Administrator's Guide</span></a></div> <a id="BHCCGBAJ" name="BHCCGBAJ"></a><a id="ADMQS0411" name="ADMQS0411"></a> <div class="sect2"><!-- infolevel="all" infotype="General" --> <h3 class="sect2">Oracle Net Listener Configuration</h3> <p>On the database host, the Oracle Ne<a id="sthref138" name="sthref138"></a>t listener (the listener), is a process that listens for client <a id="sthref139" name="sthref139"></a>connection requests. It receives incoming client connection requests and manages the traffic of these requests to the database server.</p> <p>The default listener configuration file is called <code><a id="sthref140" name="sthref140"></a><a id="sthref141" name="sthref141"></a>listener.ora</code>, and it is located in the <code>network/admin</code> subdirectory of the Oracle home directory. For example, if your Oracle home directory is <code>/u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1</code>, then the <code>listener.ora</code> file is created by default in the <code>/u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1/network/admin</code> directory.</p> <p>The file contains a protocol address that identifies the database. This address defines the protocol the listener is listening on and any other protocol-specific information. For example, the listener could be configured to listen at the following protocol address:</p> <pre xml:space="preserve" class="oac_no_warn">(DESCRIPTION= (ADDRESS=(PROTOCOL=tcp)(HOST=dbhost.example.com) (PORT=1521))) </pre> <p>This example shows a TCP/IP protocol address that specifies the host computer of the listener and a port number. The listener can listen for connection requests on network interfaces with either IP version 4 (IPv4) or IP version 6 (IPv6) addresses.</p> <p>The <code>listener.ora</code> file is automatically configured during installation, but you can reconfigure it with Oracle Enterprise Manager Database Control.</p> <p>Because the configuration parameters have default values, you can start and use a listener without configuring it. This default listener is named <code>LISTENER</code>, supports no service names on startup, and listens on the following TCP/IP protocol address:</p> <pre xml:space="preserve" class="oac_no_warn">(ADDRESS=(PROTOCOL=tcp)(HOST=<span class="italic">host_name</span>)(PORT=1521)) </pre> <p>An Oracle database registers with the listener within a minute or so of starting up. The service names, or the databases that they represent, to which the listener forwards client requests, can be configured in the <code>listener.ora</code> file. This information can also be dynamically registered with the listener. Dynamic registration of services and databases with the listener is called <span class="bold">service registration</span>. <a id="sthref142" name="sthref142"></a><a id="sthref143" name="sthref143"></a></p> <p>Service registration is performed by the process monitor (PMON) process—an instance background process—of each database instance. Dynamic service registration does not require modification of the <code>listener.ora</code> file.</p> <div class="infoboxnotealso"> <p class="notep1">See Also:</p> <ul> <li> <p><a class="olink CNCPT1272" href="http://www.oracle.com/pls/db112/lookup?id=CNCPT1272"><span class="italic">Oracle Database Concepts</span></a> for more information about listeners and service names</p> </li> <li> <p><a class="olink NETAG010" href="http://www.oracle.com/pls/db112/lookup?id=NETAG010"><span class="italic">Oracle Database Net Services Administrator's Guide</span></a> for more information about configuring listeners</p> </li> <li> <p><a href="#BHCGGHDA">"Viewing Listener Configuration"</a></p> </li> <li> <p><a href="#CIHHJEDF">"Starting and Stopping the Listener"</a></p> </li> <li> <p><a href="instance.htm#CIHIICAI">"About Background Processes"</a> for more information about database processes</p> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <!-- class="sect2" --> <a id="BHCCFDCF" name="BHCCFDCF"></a><a id="ADMQS12313" name="ADMQS12313"></a> <div class="sect2"><!-- infolevel="all" infotype="General" --> <h3 class="sect2">Client Connections</h3> <p>The following sections describe the elements involved in client connections to the database:</p> <ul> <li> <p><a href="#CHDECBHD">Connect Descriptors</a></p> </li> <li> <p><a href="#CHDFJBBD">Connection Requests</a></p> </li> <li> <p><a href="#BHCFIHCI">Naming Methods</a></p> </li> </ul> <a id="CHDECBHD" name="CHDECBHD"></a><a id="ADMQS12353" name="ADMQS12353"></a> <p class="subhead2">Connect Descriptors</p> <p>The client uses a con<a id="sthref144" name="sthref144"></a><a id="sthref145" name="sthref145"></a>nect descriptor to specify the database to which it wants to connect. This connect descriptor contains a protocol and a database service name. A database can have multiple service names defined, so a specific service name must be specified for the connect descriptor. In a preconfigured database, there is only one service name, which defaults to the global database name.</p> <p>The following example shows a connect descriptor that enables clients to connect to a database with service name <code>mydb.us.example.com</code>:</p> <pre xml:space="preserve" class="oac_no_warn">DESCRIPTION= (ADDRESS=(PROTOCOL=tcp)(HOST=my-server) PORT=1521)) (CONNECT_DATA= (SERVICE_NAME=mydb.us.example.com)) </pre> <a id="CHDFJBBD" name="CHDFJBBD"></a><a id="ADMQS12354" name="ADMQS12354"></a> <p class="subhead2">Connection Requests</p> <p><a id="sthref146" name="sthref146"></a>Users initiate a connection request by providing a connect string. A connect string includes a user name and password, and a connect identifier. This connect identifier can be the connect descriptor itself, or a name that resolves to the connect descriptor using mapping information stored in one or more repositories accessed with the naming methods described in <a href="#BHCFIHCI">"Naming Methods"</a>. This name is referred to as a <span class="bold">net service name</span>.</p> <a id="BHCFIHCI" name="BHCFIHCI"></a><a id="ADMQS12355" name="ADMQS12355"></a> <p class="subhead2">Naming Methods</p> <p>A <span class="bold">naming method</span> is a resolution method used by a client application to resolve a connect identifier to a connect descriptor when attempting to connect to a database service.</p> <p><a id="sthref147" name="sthref147"></a>Oracle Net provides support for the following naming methods:</p> <ul> <li> <p><span class="bold">Easy Connect Naming</span></p> <p><a id="sthref148" name="sthref148"></a>The easy connect naming method enables clients to connect to an Oracle database by using only a TCP/IP connect string consisting of a host name and service name. The easy connect naming method requires no configuration. See <a href="#CIHJHJGJ">"Connecting to an Oracle Database from a Client Computer"</a> for an example of easy connect naming.</p> </li> <li> <p><span class="bold">Local Naming</span></p> <p><a id="sthref149" name="sthref149"></a>The local naming method stores connect descriptors, identified by their net service names, in a client configuration file named <code>tnsnames.ora</code>. This file is located in the <code><span class="codeinlineitalic"><code><span class="codeinlineitalic">ORACLE_HOME</span></code></span></code><code>/network/admin</code> directory. When you create a database using Oracle Database Configuration Assistant (DBCA), local naming is configured automatically. You must then use the Net Configuration Assistant to create connect descriptors and their corresponding net service names.</p> </li> <li> <p><span class="bold">Directory Naming</span></p> <p><a id="sthref150" name="sthref150"></a>Directory naming resolves a database service, net service name, or net service alias to a connect descriptor stored in an LDAP-compliant directory server.</p> </li> </ul> <div class="infoboxnotealso"> <p class="notep1">See Also:</p> <ul> <li> <p><a class="olink NETAG008" href="http://www.oracle.com/pls/db112/lookup?id=NETAG008"><span class="italic">Oracle Database Net Services Administrator's Guide</span></a></p> </li> <li> <p><a class="olink ADMIN11125" href="http://www.oracle.com/pls/db112/lookup?id=ADMIN11125"><span class="italic">Oracle Database Administrator's Guide</span></a> for more information about database services</p> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <!-- class="sect2" --> <a id="BHCCCFJH" name="BHCCCFJH"></a><a id="ADMQS042" name="ADMQS042"></a> <div class="sect2"><!-- infolevel="all" infotype="General" --> <h3 class="sect2">Tools for Network Configuration</h3> <p>Oracle Database enables you to manage your network configuration with the following tools:</p> <ul> <li> <p><a href="#CHDJCHEJ">Net Configuration Assistant</a></p> </li> <li> <p><a href="#CHDIBJFI">Oracle Enterprise Manager</a></p> </li> <li> <p><a href="#CHDCICDH">Oracle Net Manager</a></p> </li> </ul> <a id="CHDJCHEJ" name="CHDJCHEJ"></a><a id="ADMQS12356" name="ADMQS12356"></a> <p class="subhead2">Net Configuration Assistant</p> <p>During a typical database installation, <a id="sthref151" name="sthref151"></a>Net Configuration Assistant (NETCA) automatically configures a listener called <code>LISTENER</code> that has a TCP/IP listening protocol address for the database. If you do a custom installation, then NETCA prompts you to configure a listener name and protocol address of your choice.</p> <p>Use NETCA for initial network configuration after database installation. Thereafter, you can use Oracle Enterprise Manager and Oracle Net Manager to configure and administer your networks.</p> <a id="CHDIBJFI" name="CHDIBJFI"></a><a id="ADMQS12357" name="ADMQS12357"></a> <p class="subhead2">Oracle Enterprise Manager</p> <p>Oracle Enterprise Manager enables you to manage your server-side network configuration with a Listener page. The Listener page displays information such as the current status, the Oracle home directory in which the listener configuration files are located, and the host name.</p> <a id="CHDCICDH" name="CHDCICDH"></a><a id="ADMQS12358" name="ADMQS12358"></a> <p class="subhead2">Oracle Net Manager</p> <p>Oracle Net Manager provides the same features as Oracle Enterprise Manager with the addition of configuring profiles.</p> <div class="infoboxnotealso"> <p class="notep1">See Also:</p> <ul> <li> <p><a href="#BHCGGHDA">"Viewing Listener Configuration"</a></p> </li> <li> <p><a class="olink NETAG005" href="http://www.oracle.com/pls/db112/lookup?id=NETAG005"><span class="italic">Oracle Database Net Services Administrator's Guide</span></a></p> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <!-- class="sect2" --></div> <!-- class="sect1" --> <a id="BHCGGHDA" name="BHCGGHDA"></a><a id="ADMQS043" name="ADMQS043"></a> <div class="sect1"><!-- infolevel="all" infotype="General" --> <h2 class="sect1">Viewing Listener Configuration</h2> <p>The Oracle Ne<a id="sthref152" name="sthref152"></a>t listener (the listener) runs on your database host and handles incoming client requests. With Oracle Enterprise Manager Database Control (Database Control), you can view the status of the listener, which is set to start automatically whenever your host is restarted. You can also view the listener status at the command line.</p> <a id="ADMQS12144" name="ADMQS12144"></a> <p class="subhead2">To view information about the listener with Database Control:</p> <ul> <li> <p>On the Database Home page, under the heading General, click the <span class="bold">Listener</span> link.</p> <p>The Listener page appears, displaying the following information about the listener:</p> <ul> <li> <p>Current status</p> </li> <li> <p>Availability over the last 24 hours</p> </li> <li> <p>Alias</p> </li> <li> <p>Version</p> </li> <li> <p>Oracle home for the listener</p> </li> <li> <p>Net address</p> </li> <li> <p>Configuration file (<code>listener.ora</code>) location</p> </li> <li> <p>Start time</p> </li> <li> <p>Host</p> </li> <li> <p>(Optional) Status of Oracle Restart</p> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <a id="ADMQS12145" name="ADMQS12145"></a> <p class="subhead2">To view information about the listener at the command line:</p> <ol> <li> <p>Open a command window.</p> </li> <li> <p>Follow the steps listed in <a href="em_manage.htm#CACHIJDC">"Configuring the Operating System Environment Variables"</a>.</p> </li> <li> <p>Enter the following command:</p> <pre xml:space="preserve" class="oac_no_warn">lsnrctl status </pre></li> </ol> </div> <!-- class="sect1" --> <a id="CIHHJEDF" name="CIHHJEDF"></a><a id="ADMQS044" name="ADMQS044"></a> <div class="sect1"><!-- infolevel="all" infotype="General" --> <h2 class="sect1">Starting and Stopping the Listener</h2> <p>The Oracle listener is set to start automatically whenever the host is restarted. However, when your system encounters unforeseen circumstances, or when you have manually stopped the listener, you can restart it with Database Control or at the command line.</p> <a id="ADMQS12146" name="ADMQS12146"></a> <p class="subhead2">To stop the listener with Database Control:</p> <ol> <li> <p>On the Database Home page, under General, click the <span class="bold">Listener</span> link.</p> <p>The Listener page appears.</p> </li> <li> <p>Click <span class="bold">Stop</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p>Enter the host credentials, if you did not configure Preferred Credentials, then click <span class="bold">Login</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p>On the Start/Stop Listener page, click <span class="bold">OK</span> to perform the specified action or <span class="bold">Cancel</span> to quit.</p> </li> </ol> <a id="ADMQS12147" name="ADMQS12147"></a> <p class="subhead2">To start the listener with Database Control:</p> <ol> <li> <p>On the Database Home page, under the heading General, click the <span class="bold">Listener</span> link.</p> <p>The Listener page appears.</p> </li> <li> <p>Click <span class="bold">Start</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p>On the Start/Stop Listener page, click <span class="bold">OK</span>.</p> <p>After a couple of minutes, a confirmation message appears, indicating that the listener has been started.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="infoboxnote"> <p class="notep1">Note:</p> If you have just stopped the listener and are still at the Database Control Listener page, then you will not see a Start button. You must go to the Database Home page, wait a minute or two, and then return to the Listener page.</div> <a id="ADMQS12148" name="ADMQS12148"></a> <p class="subhead2">To start or stop the listener at the command line:</p> <ol> <li> <p>Open a command window.</p> </li> <li> <p>Follow the steps listed in <a href="em_manage.htm#CACHIJDC">"Configuring the Operating System Environment Variables"</a>.</p> </li> <li> <p>Enter either of the following commands, depending on whether you want to start or stop the listener:</p> <pre xml:space="preserve" class="oac_no_warn">lsnrctl start lsnrctl stop </pre></li> </ol> </div> <!-- class="sect1" --> <a id="CIHJHJGJ" name="CIHJHJGJ"></a><a id="ADMQS045" name="ADMQS045"></a> <div class="sect1"><!-- infolevel="all" infotype="General" --> <h2 class="sect1">Connecting to an Oracle Database from a Client Computer</h2> <p>This section describes how to use SQL*Plus and the easy connect naming method to connect to an Oracle database from a client computer. SQL*Plus is typically installed when you install Oracle Database client software. The easy connect naming method provides TCP/IP connectivity to databases without requiring you to configure Oracle Net Services.</p> <p>You can use the instructions in this section to test your network configuration.</p> <a id="ADMQS12150" name="ADMQS12150"></a> <p class="subhead2">To connect to an Oracle database from a client computer using easy connect naming:</p> <ol> <li> <p>Complete the steps in <a href="em_manage.htm#CACHIJDC">"Configuring the Operating System Environment Variables"</a>.</p> </li> <li> <p>Do one of the following to start SQL*Plus:</p> <ul> <li> <p>(UNIX, Linux, or Windows systems) Open a command window and enter the following command:</p> <pre xml:space="preserve" class="oac_no_warn">sqlplus </pre></li> <li> <p>(Windows systems only) Click <span class="bold">Start</span>, select <span class="bold">Programs</span> (or <span class="bold">All Programs</span>), then <span class="bold">Oracle -</span> <span class="bolditalic">HOME_NAME</span>, then <span class="bold">Application</span> <span class="bold">Development</span>, and then <span class="bold">SQL*Plus</span>.</p> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <p>When prompted, enter the user name followed by an at sign (@) and a connect identifier, where the connect identifier has the following format:</p> <pre xml:space="preserve" class="oac_no_warn">"<span class="italic">host</span>[:<span class="italic">port</span>][/<span class="italic">service_name</span>][:<span class="italic">server</span>][/<span class="italic">instance_name</span>]" </pre> <p>The place holders used in the connect identifier format represent:</p> <ul> <li> <p><code><span class="codeinlineitalic">host</span></code> — the name or IP address of the Oracle database host computer.</p> <p>Both IPv4 and IPv6 addresses are supported. IPv6 addresses must be enclosed in square brackets. See <a class="olink NETAG999" href="http://www.oracle.com/pls/db112/lookup?id=NETAG999"><span class="italic">Oracle Database Net Services Administrator's Guide</span></a> for information about IPv6 addressing.</p> </li> <li> <p><code><span class="codeinlineitalic">port</span></code> (optional) — the TCP port number on which the Oracle Net listener listens for connections.</p> <p>If <code><span class="codeinlineitalic">port</span></code> is excluded, then the standard port number 1521 is assumed.</p> </li> <li> <p><code><span class="codeinlineitalic">service_name</span></code> — a database service name.</p> <p>If no database service names are defined, then you can use the name of the default service that is created for the database. This service name consists of the global database name, which is made up of the <code>DB_NAME</code> and <code>DB_DOMAIN</code> initialization parameters as follows:</p> <pre xml:space="preserve" class="oac_no_warn"><span class="italic">DB_NAME</span>.<span class="italic">DB_DOMAIN</span> </pre> <p>If <code>DB_DOMAIN</code> is null, then the standard service name is just <code>DB_NAME</code>.</p> </li> <li> <p><code><span class="codeinlineitalic">server</span></code> — the type of service handler. Acceptable values are <code>dedicated</code>, <code>shared</code>, and <code>pooled</code>. If omitted, then the default type of server is chosen by the listener: shared server if configured, otherwise dedicated server.</p> </li> <li> <p><code><span class="codeinlineitalic">instance_name</span></code> — the instance to which to connect. When you specify only instance name, you connect to the default database service. If there is no default service configured in the <code>listener.ora</code> file, then an error is generated.You can obtain the instance name from the <code>INSTANCE_NAME</code> initialization parameter.</p> </li> </ul> <p>For example, to connect as user <code>NICK</code> to the database service <code>orcl.example.com</code> on the host <code>dbhost.example.com</code>, enter the following at the user name prompt:</p> <pre xml:space="preserve" class="oac_no_warn">nick@"dbhost.example.com/orcl.example.com" </pre> <p>The following examples substitute IPv4 and IPv6 addresses for the host name:</p> <pre xml:space="preserve" class="oac_no_warn">nick@"192.0.2.1/orcl.example.com" nick@"[2001:0DB8:0:0::200C:417A]/orcl.example.com" </pre></li> <li> <p>When prompted, enter the user password.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="infoboxnotealso"> <p class="notep1">See Also:</p> <ul> <li> <p><a class="olink ADMIN00102" href="http://www.oracle.com/pls/db112/lookup?id=ADMIN00102"><span class="italic">Oracle Database Administrator's Guide</span></a> for more examples of connecting with SQL*Plus and for a discussion of environment variables</p> </li> <li> <p><a class="olink NETAG" href="http://www.oracle.com/pls/db112/lookup?id=NETAG"><span class="italic">Oracle Database Net Services Administrator's Guide</span></a> for information about easy connect, connect identifiers, and other naming methods</p> </li> <li> <p><a class="olink NETRF309" href="http://www.oracle.com/pls/db112/lookup?id=NETRF309"><span class="italic">Oracle Database Net Services Reference</span></a> for information about how to define the default service in <code>listener.ora</code></p> </li> <li> <p><a class="olink SQPUG012" href="http://www.oracle.com/pls/db112/lookup?id=SQPUG012"><span class="italic">SQL*Plus User's Guide and Reference</span></a></p> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <!-- class="sect1" --> <a id="BABIGFGD" name="BABIGFGD"></a><a id="ADMQS12151" name="ADMQS12151"></a> <div class="sect1"><!-- infolevel="all" infotype="General" --> <h2 class="sect1">Networking: Oracle By Example Series</h2> <p>Oracle By Example (OBE) has a series on the <span class="italic">Oracle Database 2 Day DBA</span> guide. This OBE steps you through the tasks in this chapter and includes annotated screenshots.</p> <p>To view the Networking OBE, in your browser, enter the following URL:</p> <p><code><a href="http://www.oracle.com/technology/obe/11gr2_2day_dba/network/network.htm">http://www.oracle.com/technology/obe/11gr2_2day_dba/network/network.htm</a></code></p> </div> <!-- class="sect1" --></div> <!-- class="ind" --> <div class="footer"> <hr /> <table class="simple oac_no_warn" summary="" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%"> <col width="33%" /> <col width="*" /> <col width="33%" /> <tr> <td align="left"> <table class="simple oac_no_warn" summary="" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="98"> <tr> <td align="center" valign="top"><a href="em_manage.htm"><img width="24" height="24" src="../../dcommon/gifs/leftnav.gif" alt="Go to previous page" /><br /> <span class="icon">Previous</span></a></td> <td align="center" valign="top"><a href="instance.htm"><img width="24" height="24" src="../../dcommon/gifs/rightnav.gif" alt="Go to next page" /><br /> <span class="icon">Next</span></a></td> </tr> </table> </td> <td style="font-size: 90%" align="center" class="copyrightlogo"><img width="144" height="18" src="../../dcommon/gifs/oracle.gif" alt="Oracle" /><br /> Copyright © 2004, 2009, Oracle and/or its affiliates. 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