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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> <head> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=us-ascii" /> <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" /> <meta http-equiv="Content-Script-Type" content="text/javascript" /> <title>Introduction to Data Warehousing</title> <meta name="generator" content="Oracle DARB XHTML Converter (Mode = ohj/ohw) - Version 5.1" /> <meta name="date" content="2009-04-27T11:26:23Z" /> <meta name="robots" content="noarchive" /> <meta name="doctitle" content=" Introduction to Data Warehousing" /> <meta name="relnum" content="11g Release 2 (11.2)" /> <meta name="partnum" content="E10578-01" /> <meta name="topic-id" content="TDPDW00100" /> <link rel="copyright" href="./dcommon/html/cpyr.htm" title="Copyright" type="text/html" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="./dcommon/css/blafdoc.css" title="Oracle BLAFDoc" type="text/css" /> <link rel="contents" href="toc.htm" title="Contents" type="text/html" /> <link rel="prev" href="title.htm" title="Previous" type="text/html" /> <link rel="next" href="tdpdw_system.htm" title="Next" type="text/html" /> <script src="./callback.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <noscript>Your browser does not support JavaScript. This help page requires JavaScript to render correctly.</noscript> </head> <body> <div class="zz-skip-header"><a href="#BEGIN">Skip Headers</a></div> <table class="simple oac_no_warn" summary="" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%"> <col width="86%" /> <col width="*" /> <tr valign="bottom"> <td align="left"></td> <td align="center"><a href="title.htm"><img src="./dcommon/gifs/leftnav.gif" alt="Previous" /><br /> <span class="icon">Previous</span></a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="tdpdw_system.htm"><img src="./dcommon/gifs/rightnav.gif" alt="Next" /><br /> <span class="icon">Next</span></a></td> </tr> </table> <p><a id="BABEAHBB" name="BABEAHBB"></a><a id="TDPDW00100" name="TDPDW00100"></a></p> <h1><a name="TDPDW001|Introduction to Data Warehousing"></a>Introduction to Data Warehousing</h1> <p><a name="BEGIN" id="BEGIN"></a></p> <p>As the person responsible for administering, designing, and implementing a data warehouse, you also oversee the overall operation of Oracle data warehousing and maintenance of its efficient performance within your organization.</p> <p>This section contains the following topics:</p> <ul> <li> <p><a href="#BABGJFGF">About This Guide</a></p> </li> <li> <p><a href="#BHCCGABJ">What is a Data Warehouse?</a></p> </li> <li> <p><a href="#CIHDHEEH">Common Oracle Data Warehousing Tasks</a></p> </li> <li> <p><a href="#BHCCGJAJ">Tools for Administering the Data Warehouse</a></p> </li> </ul> <p><a id="BABGJFGF" name="BABGJFGF"></a><a id="TDPDW0011" name="TDPDW0011"></a></p> <div class="sect1"><!-- infolevel="all" infotype="General" --> <h2><a name="TDPDW0011|About this Book"></a>About This Guide</h2> <p><span class="italic">Oracle Database 2 Day + Data Warehousing Guide</span> teaches you how to perform common day-to-day tasks necessary to implement and administer a data warehouse. The goal of this guide is to introduce you to the data warehousing solutions available in Oracle Database. This guide teaches you how to perform common administration and design tasks needed to keep the data warehouse operational, including how to perform basic performance monitoring tasks.</p> <p>The primary interfaces used in this guide are Oracle Enterprise Manager, Oracle Warehouse Builder, and SQL*Plus.</p> <a id="BABCJHCF" name="BABCJHCF"></a><a id="TDPDW0016" name="TDPDW0016"></a> <div class="sect2"><!-- infolevel="all" infotype="General" --> <h3><a name="TDPDW0016|Before Using This Book"></a>Before Using This Guide</h3> <p>Before using this guide, you should perform the following preparations:</p> <ul> <li> <p>Become familiar with the <span class="italic">Oracle Database 2 Day DBA</span> guide.</p> </li> <li> <p>Obtain the necessary tools described in <a href="#BHCCGJAJ">"Tools for Administering the Data Warehouse"</a>.</p> </li> </ul> </div> <!-- class="sect2" --> <a id="BABFAIAH" name="BABFAIAH"></a><a id="TDPDW0017" name="TDPDW0017"></a> <div class="sect2"><!-- infolevel="all" infotype="General" --> <h3><a name="TDPDW0017|What This Book Is Not"></a>What This Guide Is Not</h3> <p>This guide is not an exhaustive discussion of implementing a data warehouse on Oracle. The objective for <span class="italic">Oracle Database 2 Day + Data Warehousing Guide</span> is to describe why and when tasks must be performed in a task-oriented way. Where appropriate, it describes the concepts necessary for understanding and completing the current task. For complete conceptual information about these features and detailed instructions for using them, see the appropriate Oracle documentation as follows:</p> <ul> <li> <p><a href="javascript:open('http://www.oracle.com/pls/db112/lookup?id=DWHSG','newWindow').focus()"><span class="italic">Oracle Database Data Warehousing Guide</span></a></p> </li> <li> <p><a href="javascript:open('http://www.oracle.com/pls/db112/lookup?id=WBDOD','newWindow').focus()"><span class="italic">Oracle Warehouse Builder Concepts</span></a></p> </li> <li> <p><a href="javascript:open('http://www.oracle.com/pls/db112/lookup?id=ADMIN','newWindow').focus()"><span class="italic">Oracle Database Administrator's Guide</span></a> for a discussion of administrative tasks</p> </li> <li> <p><a href="javascript:open('http://www.oracle.com/pls/db112/lookup?id=OLARF','newWindow').focus()"><span class="italic">Oracle OLAP Reference</span></a> for a discussion of OLAP</p> </li> <li> <p><a href="javascript:open('http://www.oracle.com/pls/db112/lookup?id=DMCON','newWindow').focus()"><span class="italic">Oracle Data Mining Concepts</span></a> for a discussion of data mining</p> </li> </ul> <p>Also, this guide discusses using some of the features available in Oracle Enterprise Manager, but this guide does not provide exhaustive information about Enterprise Manager. For information about Enterprise Manager, see:</p> <ul> <li> <p>The Enterprise Manager online help</p> </li> <li> <p><a href="javascript:open('http://www.oracle.com/pls/db112/lookup?id=OEMCN','newWindow').focus()"><span class="italic">Oracle Enterprise Manager Concepts</span></a></p> </li> </ul> </div> <!-- class="sect2" --></div> <!-- class="sect1" --> <p><a id="BHCCGABJ" name="BHCCGABJ"></a><a id="TDPDW0012" name="TDPDW0012"></a></p> <div class="sect1"><!-- infolevel="all" infotype="General" --> <h2><a name="TDPDW0012|What is a Data Warehouse"></a>What is a Data Warehouse?</h2> <p>A <span class="bold">data</span> <span class="bold">warehouse</span> is a relational or multidimensional database that is designed for query and analysis. Data warehouses are not optimized for transaction processing, which is the domain of OLTP systems. Data warehouses usually consolidate historical and analytic data derived from multiple sources. Data warehouses separate analysis workload from transaction workload and enable an organization to consolidate data from several sources.</p> <p>Data in a data warehouse usually stores many months or years of data to support historical analysis. The data in a data warehouse is typically loaded through an extraction, transformation, and loading (ETL) process from one or more data sources such as OLTP applications, mainframe applications, or external data providers.</p> <p>End users of the data warehouse perform data analyses that are often time-related. Examples include consolidation of last year's sales figures, inventory analysis, and profit by product and by customer. More sophisticated analyses include trend analyses and data mining, which use existing data to forecast trends or predict futures. The data warehouse typically provides the foundation for a business intelligence environment.</p> <p>This guide covers relational implementations, including star schemas. See <a href="javascript:open('http://www.oracle.com/pls/db112/lookup?id=DWHSG','newWindow').focus()"><span class="italic">Oracle Database Data Warehousing Guide</span></a> for more details regarding multidimensional data warehouses.</p> <a id="TDPDW0019" name="TDPDW0019"></a> <div class="sect2"><!-- infolevel="all" infotype="General" --><a id="sthref2" name="sthref2"></a> <h3><a name="TDPDW0019|The Key Characteristics of a Data Warehouse"></a>The Key Characteristics of a Data Warehouse</h3> <p>The ke<a id="sthref3" name="sthref3"></a>y characteristics of a data warehouse are as follows:</p> <ul> <li> <p>Some data is denormalized for simplification and to improve performance.</p> </li> <li> <p>Large amounts of historical data are used.</p> </li> <li> <p>Queries often retrieve large amounts of data.</p> </li> <li> <p>Both planned and ad hoc queries are common.</p> </li> <li> <p>The data load is controlled.</p> </li> </ul> <p>In general, high data throughput is the key to a successful data warehouse.</p> </div> <!-- class="sect2" --> <a id="CIHDHEEH" name="CIHDHEEH"></a><a id="TDPDW0013" name="TDPDW0013"></a> <div class="sect2"><!-- infolevel="all" infotype="General" --> <h3><a name="TDPDW0013|Common Data Warehousing Tasks"></a>Common Oracle Data Warehousing Tasks</h3> <p>As an O<a id="sthref4" name="sthref4"></a><a id="sthref5" name="sthref5"></a>racle data warehousing administrator or designer, you can expect to be involved in the following tasks:</p> <ul> <li> <p>Configuring an Oracle database for use as a data warehouse</p> </li> <li> <p>Designing data warehouses</p> </li> <li> <p>Performing upgrades of the database and software to new release levels</p> </li> <li> <p>Managing schema objects, such as tables, indexes, and materialized views</p> </li> <li> <p>Managing users and security</p> </li> <li> <p>Developing routines used for the Extraction, Transformation, and Loading (ETL) process</p> </li> <li> <p>Creating reports based on the data in the data warehouse</p> </li> <li> <p>Backing up the data warehouse and performing recovery when necessary</p> </li> <li> <p>Monitoring the data warehouse's performance and taking preventive or corrective action as required</p> </li> </ul> <p>In a small-to-midsize data warehouse environment, you might be the sole person performing these tasks. In large, enterprise environments, the job is often divided among several DBAs and designers, each with their own specialty, such as database security or database tuning.</p> </div> <!-- class="sect2" --></div> <!-- class="sect1" --> <p><a id="TDPDW00170" name="TDPDW00170"></a></p> <div class="sect1"><!-- infolevel="all" infotype="General" --><a id="sthref6" name="sthref6"></a> <h2><a name="TDPDW00170|Tasks Illustrated in this Guide"></a>Tasks Illustrated in this Guide</h2> <p>This guide illustrates the following tasks:</p> <ol> <li> <p>Configure an Oracle database for use as a data warehouse.</p> <p>Refer to <a href="tdpdw_system.htm#CHDBFDGI">Setting Up Your Data Warehouse System</a>. This section also includes instructions on how to access a demonstration that is referenced in exercises throughout this guide.</p> </li> <li> <p>Take the initial steps in consolidating data.</p> <p>Follow the instructions in <a href="tdpdw_owb_sources.htm#CHDHEGEJ">Identifying Data Sources and Importing Metadata</a>.</p> </li> <li> <p>Begin to define the target objects in the warehouse.</p> <p><a href="tdpdw_owb_def_objs.htm#CHDICECI">Defining Warehouses in Oracle Warehouse Builder</a> describes how to define external tables, dimensions, and cubes for the target warehouse.</p> </li> <li> <p>Define strategies for extracting, transforming, and loading data into the target.</p> <p><a href="tdpdw_owb_etl_design.htm#CIHGDHFE">Defining ETL Logic</a> describes how to define ETL logic to extract data from the source you identified in step 2, transform the data, and then load it into the target you designed in step 3.</p> </li> <li> <p>Deploy to target schemas and execute ETL logic.</p> <p><a href="tdpdw_owb_deploy.htm#BABBDACA">Deploying to Target Schemas and Executing ETL Logic</a>describes how to prepare a target schema with code from mappings and also describes how to subsequently execute that code.</p> </li> <li> <p>Write efficient SQL.</p> <p>Read and complete the tasks in <a href="tdpdw_sql.htm#CIHDFAJG">SQL for Reporting and Analysis</a>. This section describes how to write efficient SQL.</p> </li> <li> <p>Refresh the data warehouse.</p> <p>Read and complete the tasks in <a href="tdpdw_refresh.htm#CFHEEBGF">Refreshing a Data Warehouse</a>.</p> </li> <li> <p>Optimize operations.</p> <p>Read and complete the tasks in <a href="tdpdw_optimize.htm#CACJDGBH">Optimizing Data Warehouse Operations</a>.</p> </li> <li> <p>Eliminate performance bottlenecks.</p> <p>Read and complete the tasks in <a href="tdpdw_perform.htm#CACJFFGI">Eliminating Performance Bottlenecks</a>.</p> </li> <li> <p>Review some basics of data warehouse backup and recovery.</p> <p><a href="tdpdw_bandr.htm#CHDIBIGG">Backing up and Recovering a Data Warehouse</a>describes some considerations for how to back up and recover a data warehouse.</p> </li> <li> <p>Review some basics of data warehouse security.</p> <p><a href="tdpdw_security.htm#CDDIFGGA">Securing a Data Warehouse</a> describes some considerations for how to create a secure data warehouse.</p> </li> </ol> </div> <!-- class="sect1" --> <p><a id="BHCCGJAJ" name="BHCCGJAJ"></a><a id="TDPDW0014" name="TDPDW0014"></a></p> <div class="sect1"><!-- infolevel="all" infotype="General" --> <h2><a name="TDPDW0014|Tools for Administering a Data Warehouse"></a>Tools for Administering the Data Warehouse</h2> <p><a id="sthref7" name="sthref7"></a><a id="sthref8" name="sthref8"></a>The procedures in this guide refer to and sometimes require the following products, tools, and utilities to achieve your goals with your data warehouse:</p> <ul> <li> <p><span class="bold">Oracle Universal Installer</span></p> <p>Oracle Universal Installer installs your Oracle software and options. It can automatically start the Database Configuration Assistant (DBCA) to install a database.</p> </li> <li> <p><span class="bold">Oracle Enterprise Manager</span></p> <p>The primary tool for managing your database is Oracle Enterprise Manager, a Web-based interface. After you have installed the Oracle software, created or upgraded a database, and configured the network, you can use Oracle Enterprise Manager for managing your database. In addition, Oracle Enterprise Manager also provides an interface for performance advisors and for Oracle utilities such as SQL*Loader and Recovery Manager.</p> </li> <li> <p><span class="bold">Oracle</span> <span class="bold">Warehouse</span> <span class="bold">Builder</span></p> <p>The primary product for populating and maintaining a data warehouse, Oracle Warehouse Builder provides ETL, data quality management, and metadata management in a single product.</p> <p>Warehouse Builder includes a unified repository hosted on Oracle Database. Warehouse Builder leverages Oracle Database functionality to generate code that is optimized for loading into and maintaining Oracle Database targets.</p> </li> <li> <p><span class="bold">Database</span> <span class="bold">Tuning</span> <span class="bold">Pack</span></p> <p>Oracle Database Tuning Pack offers a set of new technologies that automate the entire database tuning process, which significantly lowers database management costs and enhances performance and reliability. The key features of Oracle Database Tuning Pack that will be used in this guide are the SQL Access and SQL Tuning Advisors.</p> </li> </ul> </div> <!-- class="sect1" --> <!-- Start Footer --> <div class="footer"> <table class="simple oac_no_warn" summary="" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%"> <col width="86%" /> <col width="*" /> <tr> <td align="left"><span class="copyrightlogo">Copyright © 2007, 2009, Oracle and/or its affiliates. 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