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<title>Using NULL-Related Functions in Queries</title>
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<p><a id="BCGEDIJE" name="BCGEDIJE"></a><a id="TDDDG22570" name="TDDDG22570"></a></p>
<div class="sect2">
<h1>Using NULL-Related Functions in Queries</h1>
<a name="BEGIN" id="BEGIN"></a>
<p>The <code>NULL</code>-related functions facilitate the handling of <code>NULL</code> values. The <code>NULL</code>-related functions that SQL supports are listed and described in <a href="javascript:open('http://www.oracle.com/pls/db112/lookup?id=SQLRF30049','newWindow').focus()"><span class="italic">Oracle Database SQL Language Reference</span></a>.</p>
<p>The query in the following example returns the last name and commission of the employees whose last names begin with <code>'B'</code>. If an employee receives no commission (that is, if <code>COMMISSION_PCT</code> is <code>NULL</code>), the <code>NVL</code> function substitutes "Not Applicable" for <code>NULL</code>.</p>
<div class="example"><a id="CEGJAJCJ" name="CEGJAJCJ"></a><a id="TDDDG172" name="TDDDG172"></a>
<p class="titleinexample">Substituting a String for a NULL Value</p>
<pre xml:space="preserve" class="oac_no_warn">
SELECT LAST_NAME,
<span class="bold">NVL(TO_CHAR(COMMISSION_PCT), 'Not Applicable')</span> "COMMISSION"
FROM EMPLOYEES
WHERE LAST_NAME LIKE 'B%'
ORDER BY LAST_NAME;
 
</pre>
<p>Result:</p>
<pre xml:space="preserve" class="oac_no_warn">
LAST_NAME                 COMMISSION
------------------------- ----------------------------------------
Baer                      Not Applicable
Baida                     Not Applicable
Banda                     .1
Bates                     .15
Bell                      Not Applicable
Bernstein                 .25
Bissot                    Not Applicable
Bloom                     .2
Bull                      Not Applicable
 
9 rows selected.
</pre></div>

<p>The query in the following example returns the last name, salary, and income of the employees whose last names begin with <code>'B'</code>, using the <code>NVL2</code> function: If <code>COMMISSION_PCT</code> is not <code>NULL</code>, the income is the salary plus the commission; if <code>COMMISSION_PCT</code> is <code>NULL</code>, income is only the salary.</p>
<div class="example"><a id="CEGHFACH" name="CEGHFACH"></a><a id="TDDDG173" name="TDDDG173"></a>
<p class="titleinexample">Specifying Different Expressions for NULL and Not NULL Values</p>
<pre xml:space="preserve" class="oac_no_warn">
SELECT LAST_NAME, SALARY,
<span class="bold">NVL2(COMMISSION_PCT, SALARY + (SALARY * COMMISSION_PCT), SALARY) INCOME</span>
FROM EMPLOYEES WHERE LAST_NAME LIKE 'B%'
ORDER BY LAST_NAME;
 
</pre>
<p>Result:</p>
<pre xml:space="preserve" class="oac_no_warn">
LAST_NAME                     SALARY     INCOME
------------------------- ---------- ----------
Baer                           10000      10000
Baida                           2900       2900
Banda                           6200       6882
Bates                           7300       8468
Bell                            4000       4000
Bernstein                       9500      11970
Bissot                          3300       3300
Bloom                          10000      12100
Bull                            4100       4100
 
9 rows selected.
</pre></div>

<div class="helpinfonotealso">
<h2>Related Topics</h2>
<p><a href="javascript:open('http://www.oracle.com/pls/db112/lookup?id=SQLRF00684','newWindow').focus()"><span class="italic">Oracle Database SQL Language Reference</span></a> for more information about the <code>NVL</code> function</p>
<p><a href="javascript:open('http://www.oracle.com/pls/db112/lookup?id=SQLRF00685','newWindow').focus()"><span class="italic">Oracle Database SQL Language Reference</span></a> for more information about the <code>NVL2</code> function</p>
<p><a href="tdddg_selecting010.htm#BCGCCGJF">Using Operators and Functions in Queries</a></p>
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