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SourceFile�VtoiInitParamMsg.java????�[Ljava/lang/Object;�java/lang/Object�1�?escription    : A Cluster Database parameter that (if TRUE) returns results from the GV$ views, even if all instances cannot be contacted. This value is obsolete as of 8.1.3. 
Range of Values: FALSE | TRUE 
Default Value  : FALSE�2Description    : An anti-join returns rows that match a NOT IN subquery. The optimizer verifies whether an anti-join is possible, and if it is, processes the subquery according to the value of this parameter. 
Range of Values: NESTED_LOOPS | MERGE | HASH 
Default Value  : NESTED_LOOPS�3Description    : A semi-join returns rows that match an EXISTS subquery. Semi-joins can improve query performance if no index has been defined on the column that constrains the subquery. 
Range of Values: NESTED_LOOPS | MERGE | HASH  
Default Value  : NESTED_LOOPS�4�?escription    : If greater than zero, time monitoring for queue messages is enabled. The times can be used in messages that specify delay and expiration properties (used in application development). 
Range of Values: 0 - 10 
Default Value  : 0�5�?escription    : Only used on UNIX platforms that support asynchronous reads. This value is obsolete as of 8.0.3. 
Range of Values: TRUE | FALSE 
Default Value  : TRUE�6�?escription    : Only used on UNIX platforms that support asynchronous writes. This value is obsolete as of 8.0.3. 
Range of Values: TRUE | FALSE 
Default Value  : TRUE�7�?escription    : Used to increase the number of ARCH processes on platforms that do not support asynchronous I/O (obsolete as 8.1.3). 
Range of Values: 0 - 15 
Default Value  : 0�8�?escription    : Every SYSDBA or INTERNAL connection to the database generates an audit file in this directory (only for UNIX). 
Range of Values: Any valid directory name 
Default Value  : ORACLE_HOME/rdbms/audit�9Description    : Enables or disables database auditing. Audit records are written to the SYS.AUD$ table when the parameter is TRUE or DB, or to an operating system file if parameter is OS. 
Range of Values: NONE | FALSE | DB | TRUE | OS 
Default Value  : NONE�10�?escription    : Specifies whether or not the optimizer considers a bitmap access path when a table only has regular B-tree indexes. This value is obsolete as of 8.1.3. 
Range of Values: TRUE | FALSE 
Default Value  : TRUE�11�?escription    : Whether SGA information is dumped to a generated core file (for UNIX). 
Range of Values: FULL | PARTIAL 
Default Value  : FULL�12~Description    : Specifies the pathname (directory or disc) where trace files are written for the background processes (LGWR, DBW n, and so on) during Oracle operations. It also defines the location of the database alert file which logs significant events and messages. 
Range of Values: Any valid directory name. 
Default Value  : ORACLE_HOME/rdbms/log (operating system dependent)�13Description    : A Recovery Manager parameter used to control the number of I/O slaves used per channel by a backup, copy, or restore command. This value is obsolete as of 8.1.3. 
Range of Values: 0 - 15 (a value under 7 is recommended). 
Default Value  : 0�14�?escription    : A Recovery Manager parameter that determines whether the server process or an additional I/O slave is used to read or write to tape. 
Range of Values: TRUE | FALSE 
Default Value  : FALSE�15�?escription    : Specifies the amount of memory used to merge bitmaps retrieved from a range scan of the index. 
Range of Values: System dependent. 
Default Value  : 1MB �16�?escription    : A value of TRUE allows data assignment even though the source length is longer than the destination length (SQL92 compliant). 
Range of Values: TRUE | FALSE 
Default Value  : FALSE�17�?escription    : The keep pool size (allocated from DB_BLOCK_BUFFERS). The goal is to retain objects in memory to reduce I/O. 
Range of Values: A specific string value (eg. buffers:400, lru_latches:3). 
Default Value  : None�18�?escription    : The recycle pool size (allocated from DB_BLOCK_BUFFERS). The goal is to reuse memory by eliminating objects after use. 
Range of Values: A specific string value (eg. buffers:50, lru_latches:1). 
Default Value  : None�19Description    : Determines the maximum number of tables blocks that will be read into the buffer cache of one instance (or multiple instances for Cluster Database). This value is obsolete as of 8.1.3. 
Range of Values: Any number. 
Default Value  : 0.1*DB_BLOCK_BUFFERS �20�?escription    : Number of bytes used for I/O Operations. This value is obsolete as of 8.0.4. 
Range of Values: Operating system dependent. 
Default Value  : Operating system dependent�21�?escription    : Starts the CKPT background process for updating datafile headers during a checkpoint (instead of using the LGWR process). This value is obsolete as of 8.0.3. 
Range of Values: TRUE | FALSE 
Default Value  : FALSE�22�?escription    : The number of undo records processed at one time when rolling back a transaction. This value is obsolete as of 8.1.3. 
Range of Values: Any number. 
Default Value  : 20�23�?escription    : This parameter controls whether cursors opened and cached  in memory by PL/SQL are automatically closed at each COMMIT. This value is obsolete as of 8.1.3. 
Range of Values: TRUE | FALSE 
Default Value  : FALSE�24�?escription    : A value that determines the commit point site in a distributed transaction. 
Range of Values: 0-255  
Default Value  : Operating system dependent�329�?escription    : Set CLUSTER_DATABASE to TRUE to enable Real Application Clusters option. 
Range of Values: TRUE | FALSE 
Default Value  : FALSE�330aDescription    : The number of instances currently configured as part of cluster database. It is used to size SGA structures which depend on the number of instances configured. Setting this parameter properly will improve memory use of the SGA. Several parameters are computed using this number. 
Range of Values: Any non-zero value. 
Default Value  : 1�331?escription    : Additional interconnects available for use in Real Application Clusters environments. This parameter should be set when a single interconnect is insufficient to meet the bandwidth requirements of cluster database. If this parameter is not set, Oracle preserves the current semantics that determine the appropriate interconnect for Oracle9i Real Application Clusters inter-node communication.  
Range of Values: One or more IP addresses, separated by colons. 
Default Value  : NONE�25�?escription    : Allows you to use a new release, while at the same time guaranteeing backward compatibility with an earlier release. 
Range of Values: Default to current release. 
Default Value  : Release dependent�26�Description    : Similar to the COMPATIBLE parameter, except that the database might not be able to recover if an earlier version is used. This value is obsolete as of 8.1.3. 
Range of Values: Default to current release. 
Default Value  : Release dependent�27�?escription    :  Enable or disable complex view merging. This value is obsolete as of 8.1.3. 
Range of Values: TRUE | FALSE 
Default Value  : FALSE�28�?escription    : The minimum age (in days) that records in the reusable section of the control file must be kept. 
Range of Values: 0 - 365 
Default Value  : 7 �29�?escription    : Specifies one or more control file names. Oracle recommends using multiple files on different devices or OS file mirroring. 
Range of Values: 1 - 8 filenames (with pathnames). 
Default Value  : Operating system dependent�30�?escription    : The directory name specifying the core dump location (for UNIX). 
Range of Values: Any valid directory name. 
Default Value  : ORACLE_HOME/dbs�31�?escription    : The number of CPUs available to Oracle (used to calculate other parameter values). Do not change this value. 
Range of Values: 0 - unlimited. 
Default Value  : Automatically set by Oracle�32�?escription    : CREATE_BITMAP_AREA_SIZE specifies the amount of memory allocated for bitmap index creation. 
Range of Values: Operating system dependent. 
Default Value  : 8 MB �33�?escription    : Determines whether shared SQL areas are kept in or aged out of the shared pool while there is a cursor referencing them. 
Range of Values: TRUE | FALSE 
Default Value  : FALSE (aged out)�34�?escription    : The number of Oracle blocks in the buffer cache. This parameter significantly affects the total SGA size for an instance. 
Range of Values: 4 - Operating system dependent. 
Default Value  : 32768 �35�?escription    : The maximum number of blocks that the database writer process will write in one batch during a checkpoint. This value is obsolete as of 8.1.3. 
Range of Values: 0 - derived. 
Default Value  : 8�36�?escription    : Used to control whether transaction managed blocks are checked for corruption. 
Range of Values: TRUE | FALSE 
Default Value  : FALSE�37�?escription    : Whether DBWn, ARCH, and SQL*loader calculate or verify block checksums for every data block read or written. 
Range of Values: TRUE | FALSE 
Default Value  : FALSE�38$Description    : Specifies the number of extra buffers that could be added to the buffer cache by storing statistics in the X$KCBRBH table. This value is obsolete as of 8.1.3. 
Range of Values: 0 - dependent on system memory capacity. 
Default Value  : 0 (Should be zero for normal operation)�39�?escription    : Specifies the upper bound of the number of LRU latch sets. Increase this only if misses are higher than 3% in V$LATCH. 
Range of Values: 1 - the number of CPUs (7.3) or 1 - the number of CPUs (8.0+). 
Default Value  : CPU_COUNT/2�40�?escription    : If TRUE, statistics are stored in the X$KCBCBH table for measuring the effect of reducing buffers in the buffer cache. This value is obsolete as of 8.1.3. 
Range of Values: TRUE | FALSE 
Default Value  : FALSE�41Description    : The number of buffers that can be dirty in the buffer cache. It estimates the number of blocks that are read during recovery. 
Range of Values: 1000 to size of buffer cache (0 does not limit dirty buffers). 
Default Value  : All buffers in the buffer cache �42�?escription    : The size (in bytes) of an Oracle database block. This value is set at database creation, and cannot be subsequently changed. 
Range of Values: 1024 - 65536 (operating system dependent). 
Default Value  : 2048 (operating system dependent)�43�?escription    : Specifies the extension for a database name (eg. US.ORACLE.COM) Recommended for creating unique database names in a domain. 
Range of Values: Any string separated by periods and up to 128 characters long. 
Default Value  : WORLD�44�?escription    : The number of blocks used for backup, restore, or direct path read and write I/O operations. 
Range of Values: Operating system-dependent. 
Default Value  : 64�45�?escription    : The maximum number of blocks read during an I/O operation involving a full sequential scan. 
Range of Values: Operating system dependent. 
Default Value  : 8�46�?escription    : Converts the filename of a new data file on the primary database to a filename on the standby database. 
Range of Values: A valid primary/standby directory and filename pair. 
Default Value  : None�47�?escription    : The number of simultaneous writes (batches) for each database file when written by DBWR. This value is obsolete as of 8.1.3. 
Range of Values: 1 - 24 
Default Value  : 4�48Description    : Converts the filename of a new data file on the primary database to a filename on the standby database. This value was replaced by DB_FILE_NAME_CONVERT in 8.0.3. 
Range of Values: A valid primary/standby directory and filename pair. 
Default Value  : None�49�?escription    : The maximum number of database files that can be opened for this database. 
Range of Values: MAXDATAFILES - operating system-dependent. 
Default Value  : Operating system dependent (200 on Solaris)�50�?escription    : A database identifier which should correspond to the name specified in the CREATE DATABASE statement. 
Range of Values: Any valid name up to 8 characters. 
Default Value  : None (but should be specified)�51�?escription    : The initial number of database writer processes for an instance. This value was replaced with DB_WRITER_PROCESSES in 8.0.3. 
Range of Values: 1 - 10 
Default Value  : 1�52�?escription    : The initial number of database writer processes for an instance. If DBWR_IO_SLAVES is used, only one database writer is used. 
Range of Values: 1 - 10 
Default Value  : 1�53�?escription    : Whether database links should use encrypted passwords when connecting to other Oracle Servers. 
Range of Values: TRUE | FALSE 
Default Value  : FALSE�54�?escription    : The number of I/O slaves used by the DBW0 process. The DBW0 process and its slaves always write to disk. 
Range of Values: 0 - operating system dependent. 
Default Value  : 0�55�?escription    : When set to TRUE, logging block cleanout does not occur at commit time - it occurs the next time the block is accessed. This value is obsolete as of 8.1.3. 
Range of Values: TRUE | FALSE 
Default Value  : TRUE�56Description    : Greater efficiency can be obtained for discrete transactions using a faster rollback mechanism. However, many rules prevent these transactions being used. This value is obsolete as of 8.1.3. 
Range of Values: TRUE | FALSE 
Default Value  : FALSE�57+Description    : Controls whether I/O to datafiles, control files, and logfiles are asynchronous (that is, processes overlap I/O and CPU requests during table scans). Only change this parameter if your platform supports asynchronous I/O to disk. 
Range of Values: TRUE | FALSE 
Default Value  : TRUE�58�?escription    : The amount of time in seconds that distributed transactions will wait for locked resources. This value is obsolete as of 8.1.3. 
Range of Values: 1 - unlimited. 
Default Value  : 60 seconds �59DDescription    : The length of time available for reestablishing communication with a remote connection after a distributed transaction fails. Larger values minimize reconnection time, but consume local resources for a longer time period (obsolete as 8.1.3). 
Range of Values: 0 - 1800 seconds. 
Default Value  : 200 seconds�60+Description    : The maximum number of distributed transactions a database can participate in at one time. Decrease this value for abnormally high network failures causing many in-doubt transactions. 
Range of Values: 0 - value of TRANSACTIONS parameter. 
Default Value  : Operating system dependent�61(Description    : The maximum number of table locks obtained by all users. A DML lock is required for each table undergoing a DML operation. For example, three users modifying two tables requires a value of six. 
Range of Values: 0 or 20 to unlimited. 
Default Value  : 4 * TRANSACTIONS (Derived) �62@Description    : An enqueue enables concurrent processes to share resources. For example, Oracle allows one process to lock a table in share mode and another in share update mode. 
Range of Values: 10 - 65535 (7.3) or 10 - Unlimited (8.1). 
Default Value  : Derived (Adequate if the value is greater than DML_LOCKS + 20)�63Description    : Indicates which Enterprise Domain the server belongs to (for Global User Security). Enterprise Roles for the server will be searched for under this domain in the directory service. 
Range of Values: All X.500 Distinguished Name format values. 
Default Value  : None�64�?escription    : Used by Oracle Support Services personnel to debug the system. Should not generally be altered. 
Range of Values: Not available. 
Default Value  : None�65�?escription    : An internal parameter that should not generally be modified.This value is obsolete as of 8.0. 
Range of Values: TRUE | FALSE 
Default Value  : FALSE�66JDescription    : Specifies the number of I/O's that should be needed during crash or instance recovery. It gives you more precise control over the duration of recovery than DB_BLOCK_MAX_DIRTY_TARGET. 
Range of Values: 0 disables I/O recovery limits or   1000 to all buffers in the cache. 
Default Value  : All buffers in the cache�67�?escription    : Enables or disables index fast full scans. This value is obsolete as of 8.1.3. 
Range of Values: TRUE | FALSE 
Default Value  : FALSE�68�?escription    : Determines the maximum number of processes when performing parallel rollback. Useful on systems where most transactions are long running. 
Range of Values: FALSE | LOW | HIGH 
Default Value  : LOW (2 * CPU_COUNT)�697Description    : The date that SYSDATE returns. This is useful for testing where a fixed date, not the system date, must always be returned. Use double quotation marks or none. Do not use single quotation marks. 
Range of Values: YYYY-MM-DD-HH24:MI:SS (or the default Oracle date format). 
Default Value  : NULL�70?escription    : A Cluster Database parameter that, if TRUE, decreases the recovery time by preventing all other disk activity. This value may leave the database unavailable for longer periods of time. This value is obsolete as of 8.1.3. 
Range of Values: TRUE | FALSE 
Default Value  : If any datafiles use fine-grain locks, the default is TRUE. If any datafiles use hash locks, the default is FALSE.�71)Description    : A Cluster Database parameter that determines the number of PCM locks covering data blocks in the SGA. The value is rounded to the nearest prime  number. This value is obsolete as of 8.0. 
Range of Values: 1 - unlimited (limited by memory and operating system). 
Default Value  : 0�72FDescription    : A Cluster Database parameter that determines the length of time the server waits (in 100ths of a second) before writing a hot block to disk. This could decrease instance contention and optimize block access for an instance. 
Range of Values: Any positive integer (0 disables the feature). 
Default Value  : 10�73�?escription    : A Cluster Database parameter that controls the mapping of parallel cache management (PCM) locks to datafiles. 
Syntax         : GC_FILES_TO_LOCKS = '{file_list=lock_count[!blocks][R][EACH][:...]' 
Default Value  : NULL�74?escription    : A Cluster Database parameter that determines the number of locks to specify for free list group blocks for an instance. If there is contention between two instances sharing the same free list group, ensure that each instance has it's own freelist group or change this parameter. This value is obsolete as of 8.0.5. 
Range of Values: 0 - unlimited. 
Default Value  : 5 times the value of GC_SEGMENTS�75�?escription    : The number of latches for lock process (DFS). 
Range of Values: Operating system dependent. 
Default Value  : 0 (2 in 8.0.5)�76?escription    : A Cluster Database parameter that determines the number of background lock processes (LCK0 through LCK9) for an instance. Increase the value if the distributed lock request rate saturates the lock processes. (Lock requests are asynchronous, but a request is blocked until the lock can be granted). This value is obsolete as of 8.1.3. 
Range of Values: 1 - 10, or 0 for a single instance running in exclusive mode. 
Default Value  : 1 (ignored when the database is mounted in exclusive mode)�77Description    : A Cluster Database parameter that specifies releasable lock elements will be used to allocate space for fine-grain locking. The maximum value is imposed only by memory restrictions.  
Range of Values: 50 or more. 
Default Value  : Value of DB_BLOCK_BUFFERS�78?escription    : A Cluster Database parameter that specifies the number of distributed locks for each rollback segment block modified simultaneously. The locks force the instance to write rollback segment blocks to disk when another instance needs a read-consistent version of a block. 
Syntax         : GC_ROLLBACK_LOCKS = '{rs_list=lock_count[!blocks][R][EACH][:...]' 
Default Value  : '0-128=32!8REACH'�79?escription    : A Cluster Database parameter that determines the maximum number of rollback segments acquired by all instances, including the SYSTEM rollback segment. Set a higher value to allow for additional instances or rollback segments that may be added in the future. This value is obsolete as of 8.0. 
Range of Values: 0 to (GC_ROLLBACK_SEGMENTS * (GC_ROLLBACK_LOCKS + 1 )) 
Default Value  : 20 (ignored when the database is mounted in exclusive mode)�80?escription    : A Cluster Database parameter that reserves distributed locks that contain rollback entries for transactions in tablespaces that were taken offline. Increase if there is more than two instances where tablespaces are taken offline while transactions are running. This value is obsolete as of 8.0. 
Range of Values: Operating system dependent. 
Default Value  : 20 (ignored when the database is mounted in exclusive mode)�81?escription    : A Cluster Database parameter that determines the maximum number of segments that can have space management activities performed simultaneously. If tables acquire new extents frequently, increase the value to three times the number of tables extended simultaneously. This value is obsolete as of 8.0. 
Range of Values: Operating system dependent. 
Default Value  : 10 (ignored when the database is mounted in exclusive mode)�82\Description    : A Cluster Database parameter that determines the maximum number of tablespaces in a Cluster Database that can be brought from offline to online (or vice versa)  concurrently. This value is obsolete as of 8.0. 
Range of Values: Operating system dependent. 
Default Value  : 5 (ignored when the database is mounted in exclusive mode)�83-Description    : Specifies whether a database link is required to have the same name as the database to which it connects. When FALSE, no check is performed. For  consistent naming conventions in distributed processing, set this parameter to TRUE. 
Range of Values: TRUE | FALSE 
Default Value  : TRUE�84vDescription    : Relevant to parallel execution operations and to DML or DDL statements. It specifies the maximum amount of memory, in bytes, to be used for hash joins. Refer to the Oracle database version specific Concepts manual for more information. 
Range of Values: 0 to operating system dependent value. 
Default Value  : Derived: 2 * value of SORT_AREA_SIZE parameter�85�?escription    : If set to TRUE, the optimizer considers hash joins when calculating the most efficient join method. Oracle recommends a value of TRUE for data warehousing applications. 
Range of Values: TRUE | FALSE 
Default Value  : TRUE�86?escription    : Specifies how many sequential blocks a hash join reads and writes in one I/O. The value is always less than the maximum I/O size of the operating system expressed as Oracle blocks (MAX_IO_SIZE / DB_BLOCK_SIZE). Oracle computes the value for every query using the formula R / M <= Po2(M/C). 
Range of Values: Operating system dependent. 
Default Value  : Query dependent. Appears as 0�87yDescription    : Specifies the starting address at runtime of the system global area (SGA). It is ignored on platforms that specify the SGA's starting address at link time. On 64-bit platforms, use this parameter to specify the high-order and low-order 32 bits. When not set, the default is a platform-specific location. 
Range of Values: Any integer value. 
Default Value  : 0�884Description    : Enables or disables automatic self-registration of Heterogeneous Services (HS) agents. When enabled, information is uploaded into the data dictionary to incur less overhead when establishing subsequent connections through the same agent. 
Range of Values: TRUE | FALSE 
Default Value  : TRUE�89ODescription    : Used to embed other parameter files in the current parameter file. You can include this parameter multiple times, on separate lines, in one parameter file, but there is a maximum of three levels of nesting. 
Range of Values: Any valid parameter file name (syntax is IFILE = parameter_file_name). 
Default Value  : NULL�90*Description    : A Cluster Database parameter that assigns the current instance to  a specified group, using a comma-separated list. Instance groups are used when allocating query slaves for parallel operations. 
Range of Values: a string of group names, separated by commas. 
Default Value  : NULL�91�?escription    : Specifies the set of nodes that this instance should run on. This value is obsolete as of 8.1. 
Range of Values: A machine name in your environment. 
Default Value  : NULL�92<Description    : Uniquely identifies a database instance when multiple instances share common service names. INSTANCE_NAME should not be confused with the SID, which  actually uniquely identifies the instances shared memory on a host. 
Range of Values: any alphanumeric characters. 
Default Value  : The database SID�93"Description    : A Cluster Database parameter that assigns a unique number for mapping  the instance to one free list group owned by a database object created with storage parameter FREELIST GROUPS. Use this value in the INSTANCE clause of the ALTER TABLE ... ALLOCATE EXTENT statement to dynamically allocate extents to this instance. 
Range of Values: 1 to MAX_INSTANCES (specified at database creation). 
Default Value  : Lowest available number (depends on instance startup order and on the INSTANCE_NUMBER values assigned to other instances)�94pDescription    : Specifies the maximum amount of memory, in bytes, made available to a Java program executing in the server. It stores the Java state from one database call to another. When a user's session-duration Java state exceeds this value the session is terminated with an out-of-memory failure. 
Range of Values: Operating system dependent. 
Default Value  : 0�95?escription    : Specifies the size, in bytes, of the Java pool memory, which stores shared in-memory representations of Java methods and class definitions, as well as Java objects migrated to the Java session space at end-of-call. See the Oracle database version specific Java Developer's Guide for more information. 
Range of Values: Operating system dependent. 
Default Value  : Operating system dependent�96Description    : Specifies a 'soft limit', in bytes, on Java memory used in a Java session. If a user's session-duration Java state is using too much memory, Oracle generates a warning and writes a message to the trace files. 
Range of Values: 0 - 4GB 
Default Value  : 0�97�?escription    : Relevant only in replicated environments. It specifies, in seconds, how frequently each SNPn background process of the instance wakes up. 
Range of Values: 1 to 3600 
Default Value  : 60�98�?escription    : Specifies whether network connections should be kept between execution of jobs. 
Range of Values: TRUE | FALSE 
Default Value  : FALSE�99KDescription    : Relevant only in replicated environments. It specifies the number of SNP job queue processes per instance (SNP0, ... SNP9, SNPA, ... SNPZ). To automatically update table snapshots or perform requests created by DBMS_JOB, set this parameter to a value of one or higher. 
Range of Values: 0 to 36 
Default Value  : 0�100�?escription    : Specifies the minimum allocation size from the large pool. This parameter is obsolete as of 8.1.3. 
Range of Values: 16KB (Minimum) to 64MB (Maximum). 
Default Value  : 16KB�101xDescription    : Specifies the size of the large pool allocation heap, which is used by Shared Server for session memory, parallel execution for message buffers, and RMAN backup and recovery for disk I/O buffers. 
Range of Values: 600K (minimum); >= 20000M (maximum is operating system specific). 
Default Value  : 0, unless parallel execution or DBWR_IO_SLAVES are configured�102ODescription    : Specifies the number of I/O slaves used when the LGWR process writes to disk (always through the operating system cache). I/O slaves simulate asynchronous I/O on platforms with limited or no asynchronous support. This parameter is obsolete as of 8.1.3. 
Range of Values: 0 - system dependent value. 
Default Value  : 0�103rDescription    : Specifies the maximum number of concurrent user sessions allowed simultaneously. When this limit is reached, only users with the RESTRICTED SESSION privilege can connect to the server. All other users receive a warning message indicating that the system has reached maximum capacity. 
Range of Values: 0 - number of session licenses. 
Default Value  : 0�104/Description    : Specifies the maximum number of users you can create in the database. Concurrent session usage licensing and user licensing should not both be enabled. LICENSE_MAX_SESSIONS or LICENSE_MAX_USERS, or both, should be zero. 
Range of Values: 0 - number of user licenses. 
Default Value  : 0�105?escription    : Specifies a warning limit on the number of concurrent user sessions. When this limit is reached, additional users can connect, but a message is written to the ALERT file. Users who connect with RESTRICTED SESSION privilege receive a warning message stating that the system is nearing its maximum capacity. 
Range of Values: 0 - LICENSE_MAX_SESSIONS 
Default Value  : 0�106?escription    : A Cluster Database parameter that specifies the number of locks configured for the lock manager. The number of locks can be represented by the  equation L = R + (R*(N - 1))/N, where R is the number of resources, N is the total number of nodes, and L is the total number of locks. 
Range of Values: 512 (minimum); maximum is operating system dependent. 
Default Value  : 12000�107pDescription    : A Cluster Database parameter that represents the value of the PROCESSES parameter plus the maximum number of instances. Note that the processes configurations are per lock manager instance. 
Range of Values: 36 (minimum); PROCESSES + MAX_INSTANCES + safety factor (maximum). 
Default Value  : 64 + the maximum number of instances supported on the port�108BDescription    : A Cluster Database parameter that controls the number of resources that can be locked by each lock manager instance. The value specified for should be less than 2 * DML_LOCKS plus an overhead of about 20 locks. 
Range of Values: 256 (minimum); maximum is operating system dependent. 
Default Value  : 6000�109?escription    : A Oracle Net address list which identifies database instances on the same machine as the Oracle Net listeners. Each instance and dispatcher registers with the listener to enable client connections. This parameter overrides MTS_LISTENER_ADDRESS and MTS_MULTIPLE_LISTENERS parameters that were obsolete as 8.1. 
Range of Values: A valid Oracle Net address list. 
Default Value  : (ADDRESS_LIST=(Address=(Protocol=TCP)(Host=localhost)(Port=1521)) (Address=(Protocol=IPC)(Key=DBname)))�110CDescription    : Specifies the name space that the distributed lock manager (DLM) uses to generate lock names. This might need to be set if there is a standby or clone database with the same database name on the same cluster. 
Range of Values: Eight characters maximum, no special characters allowed. 
Default Value  : NULL�111�?escription    : Used to lock the entire SGA into physical memory. It is ignored on platforms that don't support it.  
Range of Values: TRUE | FALSE 
Default Value  : FALSE�112Description    : Used to lock specific areas of the entire SGA into physical memory. It is ignored on platforms that don't support it. This parameter is obsolete as of 8.1.3. 
Range of Values: Operating system specific. 
Default Value  : Operating system specific�113?escription    : Specifies the size of each archival buffer, in redo log blocks (operating system blocks). This parameter, with LOG_ARCHIVE_BUFFERS, can tune archiving so that it runs as fast as necessary, but not so fast that it reduces system performance. This parameter is obsolete as of 8.1.3. 
Range of Values: 1 to Operating system specific. 
Default Value  : Operating system specific�114XDescription    : Specifies the number of buffers to allocate for archiving. This parameter, with LOG_ARCHIVE_BUFFER_SIZE, can tune archiving so that it runs as fast as necessary, without reducing system performance. This parameter is obsolete as of 8.1.3. 
Range of Values: Operating system specific. 
Default Value  : Operating system specific�115CDescription    : Applicable only if the database is running in ARCHIVELOG mode, or are recovering a database from archived redo logs. In 8.1 Enterprise Edition, LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_n should be used instead. 
Range of Values: Either a NULL string or any valid path or device name,  except raw partitions. 
Default Value  : NULL�116?escription    : The first of five local (specify LOCATION) or remote (specify SERVICE) destinations where archive redo log files can be duplicated. This parameter is valid only for Enterprise Edition oracle8i databases or above. 
Range of Values: Syntax using (null_string | SERVICE=tnsnames-service |LOCATION=directory-spec)[MANDATORY | OPTIONAL][REOPEN=integer] 
Default Value  : NULL�117?escription    : The second of five local (specify LOCATION) or remote (specify SERVICE) destinations where archive redo log files can be duplicated. This parameter is valid only for Enterprise Edition oracle8i databases or above. 
Range of Values: Syntax using (null_string | SERVICE=tnsnames-service |LOCATION=directory-spec)[MANDATORY | OPTIONAL][REOPEN=integer] 
Default Value  : NULL�118?escription    : The third of five local (specify LOCATION) or remote (specify SERVICE) destinations where archive redo log files can be duplicated. This parameter is valid only for Enterprise Edition oracle8i databases or above. 
Range of Values: Syntax using (null_string | SERVICE=tnsnames-service |LOCATION=directory-spec)[MANDATORY | OPTIONAL][REOPEN=integer] 
Default Value  : NULL�119?escription    : The fourth of five local (specify LOCATION) or remote (specify SERVICE) destinations where archive redo log files can be duplicated. This parameter is valid only for Enterprise Edition oracle8i databases or above. 
Range of Values: Syntax using (null_string | SERVICE=tnsnames-service |LOCATION=directory-spec)[MANDATORY | OPTIONAL][REOPEN=integer] 
Default Value  : NULL�120?escription    : The fifth of five local (specify LOCATION) or remote (specify SERVICE) destinations where archive redo log files can be duplicated. This parameter is valid only for Enterprise Edition oracle8i databases or above. 
Range of Values: Syntax using (null_string | SERVICE=tnsnames-service |LOCATION=directory-spec)[MANDATORY | OPTIONAL][REOPEN=integer] 
Default Value  : NULL�121FDescription    : Specifies the availability state of the corresponding archived log destination parameters (LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_1 only). If enabled, the log destination will be archived. If deferred, the destination is excluded from archiving operations until re-enabled. 
Range of Values: ENABLE | DEFER 
Default Value  : ENABLE�122FDescription    : Specifies the availability state of the corresponding archived log destination parameters (LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_2 only). If enabled, the log destination will be archived. If deferred, the destination is excluded from archiving operations until re-enabled. 
Range of Values: ENABLE | DEFER 
Default Value  : ENABLE�123FDescription    : Specifies the availability state of the corresponding archived log destination parameters (LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_3 only). If enabled, the log destination will be archived. If deferred, the destination is excluded from archiving operations until re-enabled. 
Range of Values: ENABLE | DEFER 
Default Value  : ENABLE�124FDescription    : Specifies the availability state of the corresponding archived log destination parameters (LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_4 only). If enabled, the log destination will be archived. If deferred, the destination is excluded from archiving operations until re-enabled. 
Range of Values: ENABLE | DEFER 
Default Value  : ENABLE�125FDescription    : Specifies the availability state of the corresponding archived log destination parameters (LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_5 only). If enabled, the log destination will be archived. If deferred, the destination is excluded from archiving operations until re-enabled. 
Range of Values: ENABLE | DEFER 
Default Value  : ENABLE�126Description    : Specifies a second archive destination other than LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST. This parameter was replaced with LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_n in Oracle8i Enterprise Edition. 
Range of Values: A NULL string or any valid path or device name, except raw partitions. 
Default Value  : NULL�127xDescription    : LOG_ARCHIVE_FORMAT is useful only when the database is in ARCHIVELOG mode. A text string is used with variables %s (log sequence number) and %t (thread number) to specify a unique filename for archived redo log files. This string is appended to the LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST parameter. 
Range of Values: Any valid filename. 
Default Value  : Operating system dependent�128Description    : Specifies the number of ARCH processes required. This value is either evaluated at instance startup, if LOG_ARCHIVE_START = TRUE, or when the ARCH process is invoked via SQL*Plus or SQL syntax. 
Range of Values: Any integer from 1 - 10 inclusive. 
Default Value  : 1�129dDescription    : Defines the minimum number of destinations that the log file must be copied to before it can be overwritten. This value should be greater than or equal to the number of MANDATORY destinations in LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_n. 
Range of Values: 1 - 5 (restricted to 1-2 when used with LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST and LOG_ARCHIVE_DUPLEX_DEST). 
Default Value  : 1�130?escription    : Applicable only when the database is in ARCHIVELOG mode. It specifies whether redo logs are automatically or manually copied. The recommended value is TRUE, which performs automatic archiving; otherwise manual intervention is required using the ALTER SYSTEM ARCHIVE LOG ... command to prevent the instance hanging. 
Range of Values: TRUE | FALSE 
Default Value  : FALSE�131?escription    : Specifies whether every redo log block will have a checksum calculated before it is written to the current log (if COMPATIBILITY parameter >= 7.2.0). Set this parameter to TRUE only under the advice of Oracle Support Services personnel to diagnose data corruption problems. This parameter is obsolete as of 8.1.3. 
Range of Values: TRUE | FALSE 
Default Value  : FALSE�132?escription    : Specifies the amount of memory, in bytes, that is used to buffer redo entries before they are written to a redo log file by LGWR. Redo entries keep a record of changes made to database blocks. Values larger than 65536 could reduce redo log file I/O, particularly on systems with long or numerous transactions. 
Range of Values: Operating system dependent. 
Default Value  : Maximum 500K or 128K * CPU_COUNT, whichever is greater�133?escription    : Specifies the number of OS blocks, not database blocks, that must be written to a redo log file before a checkpoint will occur. Checkpoints will always occur at a log switch regardless of this value. A lower value may decrease the time required for instance recovery, but could cause excessive disk activity. 
Range of Values: unlimited (specify 0 to disable the parameter). 
Default Value  : Operating system dependent�134DDescription    : Specifies the maximum number of seconds before another checkpoint will occur. Specifying a value of 0 for the time-out disables time-based checkpoints. A lower value may decrease instance recovery time, but could cause excessive disk activity. 
Range of Values: 0 - unlimited. 
Default Value  : 1800 seconds�135�?escription    : Allows checkpoint information to be logged in the alert file. This parameter is useful to determine if checkpoints are occurring at the desired frequency. 
Range of Values: TRUE | FALSE 
Default Value  : FALSE�136?escription    : Converts a log file name on the primary database to the equivalent path and filename on the standby database. When a log file is added to the primary database a corresponding file must be to the standby database. This parameter was replaced with LOG_FILE_NAME_CONVERT in Oracle8. 
Range of Values: Any valid path/filenames with format ''path/filename of primary log file'',''path/filename of standby log file'' 
Default Value  : NULL�137?escription    : Converts a log file name on the primary database to the equivalent path and filename on the standby database. When a log file is added to the primary database a corresponding file must be to the standby database. This parameter replaces the LOG_FILE_NAME_CONVERT parameter in Oracle7. 
Range of Values: Any valid path/filenames with format ''path/filename of primary log file'',''path/filename of standby log file'' 
Default Value  : NULL�138?escription    : Specifies the maximum number of redo log files that can be opened by the instance. It also provides an upper limit on the group numbers that can be  specified when issuing log related commands. Reducing the value can decrease the SGA size. This parameter is obsolete as of 8.1.3. 
Range of Values: 2 - 255 (must be a minimum of MAXLOGFILES*MAXLOGMEMBERS) 
Default Value  : 255�139~Description    : Specifies the maximum number of redo buffer copy latches available to write log entries simultaneously. For good performance on multi-processor systems, use twice as many redo copy latches as CPUs. For a single-processor system, set to zero. This parameter is obsolete as of 8.1.3. 
Range of Values: 0 (no redo copy latches) - unlimited. 
Default Value  : CPU_COUNT�140[Description    : Specifies the maximum size of a log buffer write, in bytes, performed by the redo allocation latch. A size larger than this will invoke a redo buffer copy latch write if LOG_SIMULTANEOUS_COPIES >= 0. This parameter is obsolete as of 8.1.3. 
Range of Values: Operating system dependent. 
Default Value  : Operating system dependent�141?escription    : A Cluster Database parameter that specifies the maximum amount of time (in hundredths of a second) allowed before the System Change Number (SCN) held in the SGA of an instance is refreshed by LGWR. This is a performance parameter which should rarely be changed, since the SCN might not be refreshed in a timely manner. 
Range of Values: 0 - 90000 
Default Value  : 700�142FDescription    : Specifies the maximum size of each trace file. Change this limit if you  are concerned that trace files may take up too much space. Specify UNLIMITED if dump files can be as large as the operating system permits. 
Range of Values: 0 - unlimited (can be followed by a 'K' or 'M') 
Default Value  : 10000 blocks�143>Description    : Specifies the maximum number of database roles that a user can enable, including sub-roles. The actual number of roles a user can enable is 2 plus the value of MAX_ENABLED_ROLES, because each user has two additional roles, PUBLIC and the user's own role. 
Range of Values: 0 - 148 
Default Value  : 20�144ZDescription    : Specifies the maximum size of the rollback segment cache in the SGA. The number specified signifies the maximum number of rollback segments that can be kept online (that is, with status of INUSE) simultaneously by one instance. 
Range of Values: 2 - 65535 
Default Value  : max(30, TRANSACTIONS/TRANSACTIONS_PER_ROLLBACK_SEGMENT)�145FDescription    : Controls the number of branches in a distributed transaction. Setting MAX_TRANSACTION_BRANCHES to a lower value reduces shared pool memory slightly according to MAX_TRANSACTION_BRANCHES * DISTRIBUTED_TRANSACTIONS * 72 bytes. This parameter is obsolete as of 8.1.3. 
Range of Values: 1 - 32 
Default Value  : 8�146?escription    : Sets up the number and type of dispatchers for setting up a shared environment using Shared Server. Several options can be specified for this parameter, so please refer to the Oracle database version specific Administrator's Guide and Oracle Net Administrator's Guide for more information. An example string value is ''(PROTOCOL=TCP)(DISPATCHERS=3)''. 
Range of Values: Valid specification of parameters. 
Default Value  : NULL�147?escription    : Specifies the listener configuration for Shared Server. The Listener process requires a listening address for connection requests to each network protocol used on the system. Each entry must have a separate, adjacent value unless MTS_MULTIPLE_LISTENERS=TRUE. This parameter is obsolete as of 8.1.3 
Syntax         : (ADDRESS=(PROTOCOL=tcp)(HOST=myhost)(PORT=7002)) 
Default Value  : NULL�1480Description    : Specifies the maximum number of dispatcher processes that can run simultaneously in a Shared Server environment. 
Range of Values: Operating system dependent. 
Default Value  : If dispatchers are configured, then defaults to whichever is greater 5 or the number of dispatchers configured�149�?escription    : Specifies the maximum number of shared server processes that can run simultaneously in a Shared Server environment. 
Range of Values: Operating system dependent. 
Default Value  : 20�150?escription    : Specifies whether multiple listener addresses are specified with individual entries or one ADDRESS_LIST string. When TRUE, the MTS_LISTENER_ADDRESS parameter can be specified as: 
   (ADDRESS_LIST=(ADDRESS=(PROTOCOL=tcp)(PORT=5000)(HOST=zeus)) 
                 (ADDRESS=(PROTOCOL=decnet)(OBJECT=outa)(NODE=zeus)) 
This parameter is obsolete as of 8.1.3. 
Range of Values: TRUE | FALSE 
Default Value  : FALSE�151?escription    : Specifies the sample size used to calculate dispatcher rate statistics. The amount of memory used is approximately the sample size * 8 bytes. An example of the syntax is MTS_RATE_LOG_SIZE=(IN_CONNECTS=4) (TOTAL_BUFFERS=32)(DEFAULTS=16). This parameter is obsolete as of 8.1.3. 
Range of Values: DEFAULTS | EVENT_LOOPS | MESSAGES | SERVER_BUFFERS |  CLIENT_BUFFERS | TOTAL_BUFFERS | IN_CONNECTS | OUT_CONNECTS | RECONNECTS 
Default Value  : Each value specified defaults to 10�152Description    : Specifies the scale at which the dispatcher rate statistics are reported. The values are specified in 100ths of a second. An example of the syntax is MTS_RATE_SCALE=''EVENT_LOOPS=6000)'', which means that the event loops statistic will be reported every minute. This parameter is obsolete as of 8.1.3. 
Range of Values: DEFAULTS | EVENT_LOOPS | MESSAGES | SERVER_BUFFERS |  CLIENT_BUFFERS | TOTAL_BUFFERS | IN_CONNECTS | OUT_CONNECTS | RECONNECTS 
Default Value  : Each value specified defaults to 10�153�?escription    : Specifies the number of server processes to create for a Shared Server environment when an instance is started. 
Range of Values: Operating system dependent. 
Default Value  : 1�154hDescription    : A Shared Server parameter that specifies a unique service name that registers with a dispatcher to establish database connections. To connect to the database even if a dispatcher is unavailable, set a value of equal to the instance name. This parameter is obsolete as of 8.1.3. 
Range of Values: Operating system dependent. 
Default Value  : 0�155?escription    : Specifies which calendar system Oracle uses for date formats. For example, if NLS_CALENDAR is set to 'Japanese Imperial', the date format is 'E YY-MM-DD', and the date is May 15, 1997, then the SYSDATE is displayed as 'H 09-05-15'. 
Range of Values: Arabic Hijrah, English Hijrah, Gregorian, Japanese Imperial, Persian, ROC Official (Republic of China), Thai Buddha. 
Default Value  : Gregorian�156?escription    : Avoids the cumbersome process of using NLS_SORT in SQL statements. Normally, comparison in the WHERE clause is binary, but for linguistic comparison, the NLSSORT function is required. NLS_COMP can be used to indicate that the comparisons must be linguistic according to the NLS_SORT session parameter. 
Range of Values: Any valid 10 byte character string as specified in the Oracle database version specific National Language Support Guide. 
Default Value  : BINARY  �157fDescription    : Specifies the string to use as the local currency symbol for the L number format element. The default value of this parameter is determined by NLS_TERRITORY. 
Range of Values: Any valid 10 byte character string as specified in the Oracle database version specific National Language Support Guide. 
Default Value  : Derived from NLS_TERRITORY�158?escription    : Specifies the default date format to use with the TO_CHAR and TO_DATE functions. The default value of this parameter is determined by NLS_TERRITORY. The value of this parameter can be any valid date format mask surrounded by double quotation marks. For example: ''MMM/DD/YYYY''. 
Range of Values: Any valid date format mask but not exceeding a fixed length. 
Default Value  : Derived�159Description    : Specifies the language for spelling day and month names and date abbreviations (AM, PM, AD, BC). The default value of this parameter is the language specified  by NLS_LANGUAGE. 
Range of Values: Any valid NLS_LANGUAGE value. 
Default Value  : Value of NLS_LANGUAGE�160DDescription    : Used to override the default dual currency symbol defined in NLS_TERRITORY. The default dual currency symbol is used when this parameter is not set; Otherwise a new session is started with its value as the dual currency symbol. 
Range of Values: Any valid format name. 
Default Value  : Dual currency symbol�161Description    : Specifies the string to use as the international currency symbol for the C number format element. The default value of this parameter is determined by NLS_TERRITORY. 
Range of Values: Any valid NLS_TERRITORY value. 
Default Value  : Derived from NLS_TERRITORY�162QDescription    : Specifies the default language of the database, which is used for messages,  day and month names, symbols for AD, BC, AM, and PM, and the default sorting mechanism. Examples of supported languages are American, French, and Japanese. 
Range of Values: Any valid language name. 
Default Value  : Operating system dependent�163?escription    : Specifies the characters to use as the group separator and decimal. The group separator is the character that separates integer groups (such as thousands, millions, and so on). The decimal separates the integer portion of a number from the decimal portion. The format is <decimal_character><group_separator>. 
Range of Values: Any single-byte character, excluding '+', '-', '<', '>' 
Default Value  : Derived from NLS_TERRITORY�164Description    : Specifies the collating sequence for ORDER BY queries. For binary sorts, the collating sequence for ORDER BY queries is based on the numeric value. For linguistic sorts, a full table scan is required to collate the data in order of the defined linguistic sort. 
Range of Values: BINARY or valid linguistic definition name. 
Default Value  : Derived from NLS_LANGUAGE�165?escription    : Specifies the naming conventions for day and week numbering, default date format, default decimal character and group separator, and the default ISO and local currency symbols. Supported territories include America, France, and Japan. For all territories, see the Oracle database version specific National Language Support Guide. 
Range of Values: Any valid territory name. 
Default Value  : Operating system dependent�166�?escription    : Specifies a string value that sets the default for the TIME data type which contains the datetime fields HOUR, MINUTE, and SECOND. 
Syntax         : TIME '09:26:50' (Stores value as 7 bytes). 
Default Value  : Derived from NLS_TERRITORY�167}Description    : Specifies a pair of values (UTC,TZD) that sets the default for the TIME WITH TIME ZONE data type which contains the datetime fields HOUR, MINUTE, SECOND, TIMEZONE_HOUR, and TIMEZONE_MINUTE. UTC is the universal time and TZD is the local time zone. 
Syntax         : TIME '09:26:50.20+ 02:00' (Stores value as 9 bytes). 
Default Value  : Derived from NLS_TERRITORY �168PDescription    : Similar to NLS_TIME_FORMAT, except it sets the default for the TIMESTAMP data type which stores the YEAR, MONTH, and DAY values of a date as well as the HOUR, MINUTE, and SECOND values of time. 
Syntax         : TIMESTAMP '1997-01-31 09:26:50.10' (Stores value as 11 bytes). 
Default Value  : Derived from NLS_TERRITORY�169?escription    : Similar to NLS_TIME_TZ_FORMAT, where a pair of values specify the default for the TIMESTAMP data which stores the YEAR, MONTH, and DAY values of a date as well as the HOUR, MINUTE, and SECOND values of time and the TIMEZONE_HOUR, and TIMEZONE_MINUTE. 
Syntax         : TIMESTAMP '1997- 01- 31 09:26:50+ 02: 00' (Stores value as 13 bytes). 
Default Value  : Derived from NLS_TERRITORY�170?escription    : Used primarily for migration from Oracle7 to Oracle8i. If TRUE, SYSTEM privileges, such as SELECT ANY TABLE, do not restrict access to objects in the SYS schema (Oracle7 behavior). If FALSE, users can only access objects in the SYS schema when granted the SELECT_CATALOG_ROLE, EXECUTE_CATALOG_ROLE, or DELETE_CATALOG_ROLE. 
Range of Values: TRUE | FALSE 
Default Value  : TRUE�171?escription    : Specifies the optimal cache size percentage that the session object cache can grow past the optimal size; the maximum size is equal to the optimal size plus the product of this percentage and the optimal size. When the cache size exceeds this maximum size, the system will attempt to shrink the cache to the optimal size. 
Range of Values: 0% to operating system-dependent maximum. 
Default Value  : 10%�172�?escription    : Specifies the size to which the session object cache is reduced when the size of the cache exceeds the maximum size. 
Range of Values: 10K to operating system-dependent maximum. 
Default Value  : 100K�173�?escription    : Specifies a value for the GMS home directory.  This parameter is obsolete as of 8.1.3 
Range of Values: Operating system dependent. 
Default Value  : Operating system dependent�174zDescription    : Specifies the maximum number of open cursors (context areas) a session can have at once, and constrains the PL/SQL cursor cache size which PL/SQL uses to avoid  reparsing statements re-executed by a user. Set this value high enough to prevent your applications from running out of open cursors. 
Range of Values: 1 - operating system limit. 
Default Value  : 64�175?escription    : Specifies the maximum number of concurrent open connections to remote databases in one session. The value should equal or exceed the number of databases referred to in a single SQL statement that references multiple databases so that all the databases can be open to execute the statement. 
Range of Values: 0 - 255 (If 0, no distributed transactions are allowed). 
Default Value  : 4�176?escription    : Specifies the maximum number of migratable open connections for XA Applications. XA transactions use migratable open connections so that the connections are cached after a transaction is committed. Transactions can share connections if the user who created the connection is the same as the user who owns the transaction. 
Range of Values: 0 - UB4MAXVAL 
Default Value  : 4�177?escription    : A Cluster Database parameter that allows instances to be partitioned for monitoring and administration purposes. The value determines which instances return information in a GV$ fixed-view query. If no instances are specified, and a GV$ view is query, an error is returned. This parameter is obsolete as of 8.1.3 
Range of Values: A string representing a group name. 
Default Value  : All active instances�178�?escription    : Allows init.ora parameters, which control the optimizer's behavior, to be altered. 
Range of Values: Refer to Oracle Database Performance Tuning Guide and Reference Manual.�179?escription    : Adjusts the cost-based optimizer's assumptions for what percentage of index blocks are expected to be in the buffer cache for nested loops joins. This affects the cost of executing a nested loops join where an index is used. Setting this parameter to a higher value makes nested loops join look less expensive to the optimizer. 
Range of Values: 0 - 100 percent. 
Default Value  : 0�180tDescription    : Used to tune optimizer performance when too few or too many index access paths are considered. A lower value makes the optimizer more likely to select an index. That is, setting it to 50 percent, will make the index access path look half as expensive as normal. 
Range of Values: 1 - 10000 
Default Value  : 100 (The regular cost for an index access path)�181?escription    : Restricts the number of table permutations the optimizer will consider when  parsing queries with large joins. This can help ensure that query parse times stay within acceptable limits, at the expense of not finding the best plan. A value less than 1000 should ensure parse times of a few seconds or less. 
Range of Values: 4-2^32 (~4.3 billion). 
Default Value  : 80,000�182?escription    : Specifies the behavior of the optimizer. When set to RULE, the rule-based optimizer is used unless the query contains hints. When set to CHOOSE, the cost-based optimizer is used unless tables in the statement contain no statistics. ALL_ROWS or FIRST_ROWS always use the cost-based optimizer. 
Range of Values: RULE | CHOOSE | FIRST_ROWS | ALL_ROWS 
Default Value  : CHOOSE�183�?escription    : An internal parameter that should not generally be modified. 
Range of Values: TRUE | FALSE 
Default Value  : TRUE�184cDescription    : Specifies the amount of parallelism that the optimizer uses in its cost functions. The optimizer chooses the best serial plan for low values (which favors indexes). For high values, the optimizer uses each object's degree of parallelism in computing the cost of a full table scan operation. 
Range of Values: 0 - 100 
Default Value  : 100�185 Description    : Specifies the maximum number of tables in a query block for which the  optimizer will consider join orders with Cartesian products. This can prevent the optimizer spending too much time on suboptimal join orderings. 
Range of Values: An integer value. 
Default Value  : 5�186?escription    : Specifies the Oracle Trace collection name and used in the output file names (collection definition file .cdf and data collection file .dat). If this parameter is not null and ORACLE_TRACE_ENABLE = TRUE, a default Oracle Trace collection will start until this value is set to NULL again. 
Range of Values: A valid collection name up to 16 characters long (except for platforms that enforce 8-character file names). 
Default Value  : NULL�187Description    : Specifies the directory pathname where the Oracle Trace collection definition (.cdf) and data collection (.dat) files are located. 
Range of Values: Full directory pathname. 
Default Value  : Operating system specific (normally ORACLE_HOME/otrace/admin/cdf)�188Description    : Specifies the maximum size, in bytes, of the Oracle Trace collection file. Once the collection file reaches this maximum, the collection is disabled. When the range of values is zero, there is no size limit. 
Range of Values: 0 - 4294967295 
Default Value  : 5242880�189RDescription    : To enable Oracle Trace collections for the server, set this value to TRUE. When set to TRUE, Oracle Trace can be used for that server. To start a collection, specify a non-null value for ORACLE_TRACE_COLLECTION_NAME, or start a collection using Oracle Trace Manager. 
Range of Values: TRUE | FALSE 
Default Value  : FALSE�190?escription    : Specifies the Oracle Trace product definition file name (.fdf file). This file contains definition information for all events and data items which can be collected for products that use the Oracle Trace data collection API. Oracle recommends using the default file ORCLED.FDF. 
Range of Values: A valid facility name up to 16 characters long. 
Default Value  : oracled�191�?escription    : Specifies the directory pathname where Oracle TRACE facility definition  (.fdf) files are located. 
Range of Values: Full directory pathname. 
Default Value  : ORACLE_HOME/otrace/admin/fdf/ (operating system dependent)�192{Description    : Authenticates users connecting to the server using the users' operating system account name and password. The value of this parameter is concatenated to the beginning of every user's operating system account. Eliminate OS account prefixes by specifying a null value. 
Range of Values: Any identifier. 
Default Value  : Operating system specific (normally 'OPS$')�1935Description    : Determines whether the operating system or database identifies the roles for each user. If TRUE, the operating system completely manages the role grants for all database users. Otherwise, roles are identified and managed by the database. 
Range of Values: TRUE | FALSE 
Default Value  : FALSE�194?escription    : Enables or disables an adaptive algorithm designed to improve performance in multi-user environments using parallel execution. It does this at query startup by automatically reducing the requested degree of parallelism based on system load. Best used when PARALLEL_AUTOMATIC_TUNING = TRUE. 
Range of Values: TRUE | FALSE 
Default Value  : If PARALLEL_AUTOMATIC_TUNING = TRUE, then TRUE, else FALSE�195Description    : If TRUE, Oracle will determine the default values for parameters that control Parallel Execution. In addition to setting this parameter, you must setup parallelism for tables in the system. 
Range of Values: TRUE | FALSE 
Default Value  : FALSE�196jDescription    : Can provide a performance improvement for large result sets being joined to a small result set (size is measured in bytes, not rows) using a hash or merge join. If TRUE, the optimizer can broadcast each row in the small result set to each Cluster Database processing rows in the larger set. 
Range of Values: TRUE | FALSE 
Default Value  : FALSE�197kDescription    : Specifies the default number of instances to split a table across for parallel query processing. The value of this parameter is used if the INSTANCES DEFAULT is specified in the PARALLEL clause of a table's definition. This parameter is obsolete as of 8.1.3. 
Range of Values: 0 - number of instances. 
Default Value  : Operating system dependent�198?escription    : Specifies the size of messages for parallel execution (parallel query, PDML, Parallel Recovery, and replication). Larger values than 2048 or 4096 require a larger shared pool. If PARALLEL_AUTOMATIC_TUNING = TRUE, message buffers are allocated out of the Large Pool. 
Range of Values: 2148 - infinity. 
Default Value  : Usually 2148 if PARALLEL_AUTOMATIC_TUNING is FALSE, or 4096 if PARALLEL_AUTOMATIC_TUNING is TRUE (Operating system dependent).�199?escription    : A Cluster Database parameter used to identify the parallel instance group used for spawning parallel execution slaves. Parallel operations will  spawn parallel execution slaves only on instances that specify a matching group in their INSTANCE_GROUPS parameter. 
Range of Values: A string representing a group name. 
Default Value  : Group consisting of all instances currently active�200dDescription    : Specifies the maximum number of parallel execution servers or parallel recovery processes for an instance. The number of query servers allocated at instance startup will increase to this number as demand requires. 
Range of Values: 0 - 256 
Default Value  : Depends on CPU_COUNT, PARALLEL_AUTOMATIC_TUNING, and PARALLEL_ADAPTIVE_MULTI_USER�201?escription    : Specifies the minimum permanent amount of memory that will be allocated from the shared pool  to be used for messages in parallel execution. The memory is allocated at instance startup if PARALLEL_MIN_SERVERS is  a non-zero value. This parameter is obsolete as of 8.1.3. 
Range of Values: 0 - (SHARED_POOL_SIZE * 0.9) 
Default Value  : # of CPUs * PARALLEL_MAX_SERVERS * 1.5 * (OS message buffer size or # of CPUs * 5 * 1.5 * (OS message size))�202gDescription    : Specifies the minimum percent of threads required for parallel execution.  Set this parameter to ensure that if adequate query slaves are not  available for parallel execution, an error message is displayed and the query is not executed sequentially. 
Range of Values: 0 - 100 
Default Value  : 0, which indicates this parameter is not used. �203�?escription    : Specifies the minimum number of query server processes that Oracle creates when the instance is started for parallel execution. 
Range of Values: 0 - PARALLEL_MAX_SERVERS. 
Default Value  : 0�204�?escription    : Set PARALLEL_SERVER to TRUE to enable the Cluster Database option. 
Range of Values: TRUE | FALSE 
Default Value  : FALSE�205�?escription    : Specifies the amount of idle time, in minutes, after which Oracle terminates a query server process. This parameter is obsolete as of 8.1.3. 
Range of Values: 0 - unlimited. 
Default Value  : Operating system dependent�206EDescription    : The number of instances currently configured. It is used to size SGA structures which depend on the number of instances configured. Setting this parameter properly will improve memory use of the SGA. Several parameters are computed using this number. 
Range of Values: Any non-zero value. 
Default Value  : 1�207~Description    : Describes the number of processes or threads that a CPU can handle during parallel execution and to tune the parallel adaptive and load balancing algorithms. This number should be decreased if the machine appears to be overloaded when a representative query is executed. 
Range of Values: Any non-zero value. 
Default Value  : Operating system dependent (usually 2)�208?escription    : A Cluster Database parameter that specifies the maximum amount of time, in seconds, that can pass before a session, executing a parallel operation (DML or DDL), will timeout. This happens when a session requires a resource held by another session, which could indicate a dead-lock. This parameter is obsolete as of 8.1.3. 
Range of Values: 0 to the operating system maximum. 
Default Value  : 300�209LDescription    : If PARTITION_VIEW_ENABLED is set to TRUE, the optimizer prunes (or skips) unnecessary table accesses in a partition view. This parameter also changes the way the cost-based optimizer computes statistics on a partition view from statistics on underlying tables. 
Range of Values: TRUE | FALSE 
Default Value  : FALSE�210�?escription    : A parameter for internal use only. 
Range of Values: Operating system dependent. 
Default Value  : Operating system dependent (/devices/pseudo/pw@0:pw)�211�?escription    : An internal parameter that should not generally be modified. 
Range of Values: TRUE | FALSE 
Default Value  : FALSE�212Description    : Sets the compatibility level for PL/SQL. When FALSE, PL/SQL V3 behavior is enforced and V2 behavior is not allowed; otherwise  certain PL/SQL V2 behaviors are accepted when running PL/SQL V3. 
Range of Values: TRUE | FALSE 
Default Value  : FALSE�213BDescription    : A platform-specific parameter, which if TRUE loads all SGA pages into memory to allow the instance to reach maximum performance quickly. This can increase instance startup and user login time, but reduce page faults on systems with sufficient memory. 
Range of Values: TRUE | FALSE 
Default Value  : FALSE�214iDescription    : Specifies the maximum number of operating system user processes that can simultaneously connect to an Oracle Server. This value should allow for all background processes such as Job Queue (SNP) and parallel execution (Pnnn) processes. 
Range of Values: 6 to an operating system dependent value. 
Default Value  : Depends on PARALLEL_MAX_SERVERS�215�?escription    : Enable or disable pushing join predicate inside a view. This parameter is obsolete as of 8.1.3. 
Range of Values: TRUE | FALSE 
Default Value  : FALSE�2160Description    : Enables or disables query rewriting for materialized views. A particular materialized view is only enabled when both the session parameter and the individual materialized view are enabled and when cost-based optimization is enabled. 
Range of Values: TRUE | FALSE 
Default Value  : FALSE�217?escription    : The degree of query rewriting enforced by the Oracle server. With ENFORCED, consistency and integrity are guaranteed by Oracle. With TRUSTED, rewrites are allowed using declared relationships. With STALE_TOLERATED, materialized views are eligible for rewrite even if they are inconsistent with underlying data. 
Range of Values: ENFORCED, TRUSTED, STALE_TOLERATED 
Default Value  : ENFORCED�218EDescription    : The Distinguished Name of the RDBMS server. It is used for retrieving Enterprise Roles from an enterprise directory service. See Oracle database version specific Advanced Security Administrator's Guide for more information. 
Range of Values: All X.500 Distinguished Name format values. 
Default Value  : None�219pDescription    : Used to speed up certain operations, such as starting a very large database where the majority of data is stored in read only tablespaces. When TRUE, datafiles in read-only tablespaces are first accessed when data is read from them. Refer to the Server Reference manual for possible side-effects. 
Range of Values: TRUE | FALSE 
Default Value  : FALSE�220;Description    : Specifies the number of processes to participate in instance or media recovery. A value of zero or one indicates that recovery is to be performed serially by one process. 
Range of Values: Operating system dependent (cannot exceed PARALLEL_MAX_SERVERS). 
Default Value  : Operating system dependent�221�?escription    : An internal parameter that should not generally be modified. This parameter is obsolete as of 8.1.3 
Range of Values: TRUE | FALSE 
Default Value  : FALSE�222GDescription    : Used to specify how the database handles dependencies for remote PL/SQL stored procedures. With TIMESTAMP, the procedure is only executed if server and local timestamps match. With SIGNATURE, the procedure executes if the signatures are safe. 
Range of Values: TIMESTAMP | SIGNATURE 
Default Value  : TIMESTAMP�223?escription    : Specifies whether passwords for privileged users are checked by the operating system or a file. With NONE, Oracle ignores the password file. With EXCLUSIVE, each privileged user is authenticated using the database's password file. With SHARED, many databases share the SYS and INTERNAL password file users. 
Range of Values: NONE | SHARED | EXCLUSIVE 
Default Value  : NONE�224�?escription    : Setting REMOTE_OS_AUTHENT to TRUE allows authentication of remote clients with the value of OS_AUTHENT_PREFIX. 
Range of Values: TRUE | FALSE 
Default Value  : FALSE�225�Description    :Setting REMOTE_OS_ROLES to TRUE allows roles to be assigned by the operating system for remote clients. When FALSE, roles are  identified and managed by the database for remote clients. 
Range of Values: TRUE | FALSE 
Default Value  : FALSE�226hDescription    : Dependency tracking is essential for the Replication Server to propagate changes in parallel. When FALSE, read/write operations on the database to run faster, but no parallel propagation dependency information is produced for the Replication Server. 
Range of Values: TRUE | FALSE 
Default Value  : TRUE (enable read/write dependency tracking)�227�?escription    : Determines whether resource limits in database profiles are enforced. FALSE disables the enforcement of resource limits. A value of TRUE enables the enforcement of resource limits. 
Range of Values: TRUE | FALSE 
Default Value  : FALSE�228BDescription    : When specified, resource manager will activate the plan and all descendants (subplans, directives, and consumer groups) for the instance. If not specified, resource manager is disabled, but can be enabled using the ALTER SYSTEM command. 
Range of Values: Any valid character string. 
Default Value  : NULL�229?escription    : Specifies one or more rollback segments to acquire during instance startup, even if the number exceeds TRANSACTIONS / TRANSACTIONS_PER_ROLLBACK_SEGMENT. The format is ROLLBACK_SEGMENTS = (rbseg_name [, rbseg_name] ... ) 
Range of Values: Any rollback segment names listed in  DBA_ROLLBACK_SEGS except SYSTEM. 
Default Value  : NULL (public rollback segments are used by default)�230�?escription    : The number of cached recursive cursors used by the row cache manager for selecting rows from the data dictionary. This parameter is obsolete as of 8.1.3 
Range of Values: 10 - 3300 
Default Value  : 10�231PDescription    : Specifies whether row locks are acquired when a table is updated or on update. With ALWAYS, row locks are only acquired when a table is updated. With INTENT, only row locks are used on a SELECT FOR UPDATE, but at update time table locks are acquired. 
Range of Values: ALWAYS | DEFAULT | INTENT 
Default Value  : ALWAYS�232UDescription    : Specifies the number of sequences that can be cached in the SGA for immediate access. The highest concurrency is achieved when this value is set to the highest possible number of sequences that will be used on an instance at one time. This parameter is obsolete as of 8.1.3. 
Range of Values: 10 - 32000 
Default Value  : 10�233\Description    : Specifies the number of sequences that can be cached in the SGA for immediate access. The highest concurrency is achieved when this value is set to the highest possible number of sequences that will be used on an instance at one time. This parameter is obsolete as of 7.3.4. 
Range of Values: Any integer value. 
Default Value  : 7�234;Description    : Indicates which types of SQL cursors should make use of the serial-reusable memory feature. If CURSOR_SPACE_FOR_TIME = TRUE, then the SERIAL_REUSE value is ignored and treated as if it were set to DISABLE or NULL. 
Range of Values: DISABLE | SELECT | DML | PLSQL | ALL | NULL 
Default Value  : NULL�235rDescription    : Determines whether queries acquire table-level read locks, preventing any update of objects read until the transaction containing the query is committed. This mode of operation provides repeatable reads and ensures that two queries for the same data within the same transaction see the same values. 
Range of Values: TRUE | FALSE 
Default Value  : FALSE�236fDescription    : Specifies service names for the instance that Oracle Net listeners can use to identify a single service, such as a specific database in a replicated environment. If the service has no domain, the DB_DOMAIN parameter will be appended. 
Syntax         : SERVICE_NAMES = name1.domain, name2.domain 
Default Value  : DB_NAME.DB_DOMAIN if defined�237XDescription    : Specifies the number of session cursors to cache. When the same SQL statement is parses several times, it's session cursor is moved into the session cursor cache. This decreases parse time, since the cursor is cached and does not need to be reopened. 
Range of Values: 0 to operating system dependent value. 
Default Value  : 0�238mDescription    : Specifies the maximum number of BFILEs that can be opened in any given session. Once this number is reached, subsequent attempts to open more files in the session will fail. This parameter is also dependent on the operating system parameter MAX_OPEN_FILES. 
Range of Values: 1 - the least of (50, MAX_OPEN_FILES from OS level). 
Default Value  : 10�239�?escription    : Specifies the total number of user and system sessions. The default number is greater than PROCESSES to allow for recursive sessions. 
Range of Values: Any integer value. 
Default Value  : Derived (1.1 * PROCESSES + 5)�240Description    : A UNIX specific parameter which specifies whether SGA information is dumped to a generated core file. When FULL, the SGA is included in the core dump. When PARTIAL, the SGA is not dumped. 
Range of Values: FULL | PARTIAL 
Default Value  : FULL�241`Description    : SHARED_MEMORY_ADDRESS and HI_SHARED_MEMORY_ADDRESS specify the SGA's starting address at runtime. Many platforms specify the SGA's starting address at linktime - these parameters are ignored on those platforms. If both parameters are 0 or NULL, the address is platform specific. 
Range of Values: Any integer value. 
Default Value  : 0�242yDescription    : Specifies the minimum memory size that can be allocated from the reserved list if there is insufficient free space in the shared pool. Increasing the value requests more memory from the shared pool list rather than the reserved list. This parameter is obsolete as of 8.1.3. 
Range of Values: 5000 to SHARED_POOL_RESERVED_SIZE (in bytes). 
Default Value  : 5000�243?escription    : Specifies the space reserved for large contiguous requests of shared pool memory to avoid performance degradation through fragmentation. This pool should be sized to store all large procedures and packages commonly required to prevent flushing objects from the shared pool. 
Range of Values: SHARED_POOL_RESERVED_MIN_ALLOC to one half of 
 SHARED_POOL_SIZE (in bytes). 
Default Value  : 5% of the value of SHARED_POOL_SIZE�244mDescription    : Specifies the size of the shared pool in bytes. The shared pool contains objects such as shared cursors, stored procedures, control structures, and Parallel Execution message buffers. Larger values can improve performance in multi-user systems. 
Range of Values: 300 Kbytes - operating system dependent. 
Default Value  : If 64 bit, 64MB, else 16MB�245Description    : A distributed database parameter that specifies the interval between wake-ups for the snapshot refresh processes on the instance. This parameter is obsolete as of 8.1.3. 
Range of Values: 1 - 3600 seconds (one second to 60 minutes). 
Default Value  : 60 (one minute)�246�?escription    : Specifies whether network connections should be kept between execution of jobs. This parameter is obsolete as of 8.1.3. 
Range of Values: TRUE | FALSE 
Default Value  : FALSE�247Description    : A distributed database parameter that specifies the number of snapshot refresh processes per instance. To have snapshots updated automatically, set this parameter to one or higher. This parameter is obsolete as of 8.1.3. 
Range of Values: 0 - 10 
Default Value  : 0�248?escription    : Specifies the maximum amount, in bytes, of User Global Area (UGA) memory retained after a sort run completes. This memory is released back to the UGA, not to the operating system, after the last row is fetched from the sort space. 
Range of Values: From the value equivalent of two database blocks to the value of SORT_AREA_SIZE. 
Default Value  : The value of SORT_AREA_SIZE�249?escription    : SORT_AREA_SIZE specifies the maximum amount, in bytes, of memory to use for a sort. After the sort completes, rows are returned and the memory is released. Increase the size to improve the efficiency of large sorts. Temporary disk segments are used if memory is exceeded. 
Range of Values: The value equivalent of six database blocks (minimum) to operating system dependent (maximum). 
Default Value  : Operating system dependent�250?escription    : A performance parameter that can improve sort performance if system memory and temporary space are abundant. When AUTO, and SORT_AREA_SIZE > 10 * buffer size, memory buffers are automatically configured. When TRUE, set SORT_WRITE_BUFFER_SIZE and SORT_WRITE_BUFFERS to allocate additional memory buffers for disk writes. This parameter is obsolete as of 8.1.3. 
Range of Values: AUTO | TRUE | FALSE 
Default Value  : AUTO�251WDescription    : Specifies the number of database blocks to read each time a sort performs a read from a temporary segment. Temporary segments are used for sorts larger than SORT_AREA_SIZE. Larger values will read more data for each merge pass, but may cause more merge passes. 
Range of Values: 1 - system dependent value. 
Default Value  : 2�252?escription    : Specifies the amount of time taken to read a single database block divided by the block transfer rate. Set the value using the following equation: 
 sort_read_fac = (avg_seek_time + avg_latency + blk_transfer_time) / (blk_transfer_time) 
 This parameter is obsolete as of 8.1.3. 
Range of Values: Operating system dependent. 
Default Value  : Operating system dependent�253?escription    : Specifies the size in bytes of the sort space map in the context area. This value should only be increased for very large indexes. The sort makes optimal use of disk storage if SORT_SPACEMAP_SIZE is set to (total_sort_bytes/sort_area_size) + 64 This parameter is obsolete as of 8.1.3. 
Range of Values: Operating system dependent. 
Default Value  : Operating system dependent�254Description    : Specifies the size of the sort buffer when the SORT_DIRECT_WRITES parameter is set to TRUE. This parameter is recommended for use with advanced replication. This parameter is obsolete as of 8.1.3. 
Range of Values: Any integer value. 
Default Value  : 32768�255
Description    : Specifies the number of sort buffers when the SORT_DIRECT_WRITES parameter is set to TRUE. This parameter is recommended for use with advanced replication. This parameter is obsolete as of 8.1.3. 
Range of Values: Any integer value. 
Default Value  : 2�256?escription    : Specifies the number of times a process will attempt to obtain a latch before the process sleeps. Latches are used to exclusively use a resource for a very short period of time. Usually it takes less CPU time to spin a process than to make it sleep. This parameter is obsolete as of 8.1.3. 
Range of Values: 1 - 1,000,000 
Default Value  : 2000 (for Oracle 7.x); 1 (for Oracle 8.0); not available in 8i�257�?escription    : Specifies whether table-level SELECT privileges are required to execute an update or delete that references table column values. 
Range of Values: TRUE | FALSE 
Default Value  : FALSE�258>Description    : Disables or enables the SQL trace facility. When TRUE, tuning information is collected which is useful for improving performance. Because the SQL trace facility causes system overhead, TRUE should only be used when tuning information is required. 
Range of Values: TRUE | FALSE 
Default Value  : FALSE�259?escription    : Specifies the location of archive logs arriving from a primary instance. STANDBY_ARCHIVE_DEST and LOG_ARCHIVE_FORMAT are used to fabricate the fully-qualified archivelog filename at the standby site. The RFS server on the standby database uses this value rather than ARCHIVE_LOG_DEST. 
Range of Values: NULL string or valid path/device name other than raw. 
Default Value  : NULL�260~Description    : Determines whether a cost-based query transformation will be applied to star queries. When TRUE, the optimizer considers cost-based transformation for star queries; When FALSE, no transformation is used; When TEMP_DISABLE, query transformations are considered, but temporary tables are not used. 
Range of Values: TRUE | FALSE | TEMP_DISABLE 
Default Value  : FALSE�261hDescription    : Used to control whether I/O to sequential devices (for example, BACKUP or RESTORE of Oracle data TO or FROM tape) is asynchronous. A value of TRUE is only valid if your platform supports asynchronous I/O to sequential devices; use FALSE when asynchronous I/O implementation is not stable. 
Range of Values: TRUE | FALSE 
Default Value  : FALSE�262?escription    : Determines the number of temporary tables that can be created in the temporary segment space. A temporary table lock is required for sorts performed on disk. Increase this number when many ordered queries on large tables are performed simultaneously. This parameter is obsolete as of 8.1.3. 
Range of Values: 0 - operating system-dependent. 
Default Value  : Derived (set to the SESSIONS parameter)�263�{Description    : A parameter that enables or disable text searching. 
Range of Values: TRUE | FALSE 
Default Value  : FALSE�264;Description    : A Cluster Database parameter that specifies a unique redo thread number for each instance. An instance cannot start when its redo thread is disabled. A value of zero cause an available, enabled public thread to be chosen. 
Range of Values: 0 - maximum number of enabled threads. 
Default Value  : 0�265?escription    : Used by the system administrator to gather operating system statistics. For efficient resource usage, only set this value when required. For dedicated servers, OS statistics are collected when a user connects, disconnects, and when calls are popped (if the specified time limit has expired). For Shared Servers, statistics are gathered for pushed or popped calls. 
Range of Values: Time in seconds. 
Default Value  : 0 (OS statistics are not refreshed)�266aDescription    : Collects operating system timing information which can be used to tune the database and SQL statements. To prevent the overhead of requesting the time from the operating system, set this value to zero. A value of TRUE can also be useful for viewing the progress of long operations. 
Range of Values: TRUE | FALSE 
Default Value  : FALSE�267LDescription    : Determines whether the transaction layer generates a special redo record which contains the user logon name, user name, the session ID, some operating system information, and client information. These records might be useful when using a redo log analysis tool. 
Range of Values: TRUE | FALSE 
Default Value  : TRUE�268gDescription    : Specifies the maximum number of concurrent transactions. Greater values increase the size of the SGA and can increase the number of rollback segments allocated during instance startup. The default value is greater than SESSIONS to allow for recursive transactions. 
Range of Values: A numeric value. 
Default Value  : Derived (1.1 * SESSIONS)�269nDescription    : Specifies the number of concurrent transactions allowed per rollback segment. The minimum number of rollback segments acquired at startup is TRANSACTIONS divided by this parameter value. More rollback segments can be acquired if they are named in the parameter ROLLBACK_SEGMENTS. 
Range of Values: 1 - operating system dependent. 
Default Value  : 5�270�?escription    : Determines whether unlimited extents are allowed for rollback segments. This parameter is obsolete as of 8.0. 
Range of Values: TRUE | FALSE 
Default Value  : FALSE�271�?escription    : Controls the use of the extended buffer cache mechanism for 32-bit platforms that can support more than 4GB of physical memory. It is ignored on other platforms. 
Range of Values: TRUE | FALSE 
Default Value  : FALSE�272�?escription    : Determines whether the shared page table is enabled or not. This parameter is obsolete as of 8.1.3. 
Range of Values: TRUE | FALSE 
Default Value  : FALSE�273�274�275qDescription    : Specifies the pathname for a directory where the server will write debugging trace files on behalf of a user process. For example, this directory might be set to C:/ORACLE/UTRC on NT; to /oracle/utrc on UNIX; or to DISK$UR3:[ORACLE.UTRC] on VMS. 
Range of Values: A valid local pathname, directory, or disk. 
Default Value  : Operating system dependent�276VDescription    : Allows database administrators to specify directories that are permitted for PL/SQL file I/O. Use multiple UTL_FILE_DIR parameters to specify more than one directory. Note that all users can read or write all files specified in the UTL_FILE_DIR parameter(s). 
Range of Values: Any valid directory path. 
Default Value  : None�277�?escription    : Determines whether several performance features enabled in 7.3.3 are enabled or not. This parameter is obsolete as of 8.0. 
Range of Values: TRUE | FALSE 
Default Value  : FALSE�278<Description    : Lets you designate one instance in a two-instance cluster as the primary instance and the other instance as the secondary instance. This parameter has no functionality in a cluster with more than two instances. 
Range of Values: 1 or >= the number of instances in the cluster. 
Default Value  : None�279vDescription    : Controls the kind of SQL statements that can end up sharing the same shared cursor. 
Range of Values: 
	FORCE: forces statements that may differ in some literals, but are otherwise identical, to share a cursor, unless the literals affect the meaning of the statement.  
	EXACT: causes only identical SQL statements to share a cursor. 
Default Value  : EXACT�281?escription    : Controls output generated by the archivelog process. This process can be initiated by 
	An ARCn background process (designated as ARCn in the output logs) 
	An explicit session-invoked foreground process (designated as ARCH in the output logs), or 
	The remote file server (RFS) process of Managed Standby.  
Range of Values:  
	0: Disable archivelog tracing (this is the default) 
	1: Track archival of REDO log file 
	2: Track archival status of each archivelog destination 
	4: Track archival operational phase 
	8: Track archivelog destination activity 
	16: Track detailed archivelog destination activity 
	32: Track archivelog destination parameter modifications 
	64: Track ARCn process state activity 
Default Value  : 0�282ZDescription    : Specifies the total number of virtual circuits that are available for inbound and outbound network sessions. It is one of several parameters that contribute to the total SGA requirements of an instance.  
Default Value  : Derived: the value of the SESSIONS parameter if you are using the Shared Server architecture; 0 otherwise. �283!Description    : Specifies the total number of Shared Server architecture user sessions to allow. Setting this parameter enables you to reserve user sessions for dedicated servers. 
Range of Values: 0 to SESSIONS - 5  
Default Value  : Derived: the lesser of MTS_CIRCUITS and SESSIONS - 5 �284�Description    :  Not used �285Description: This parameter is associated with time-based thread advance feature. 
Range of Values: 0 or any integer from [60, 7200]. 
Default Value: 0 is the default value, which disables the time-based thread advance feature. Otherwise, the value represents number of seconds�286�?escription: Specifies the size of the cache for 16K buffers. Parameter can be set only when db_block_size has a value other than 16K. 
Range of Values: 0M or at least 16M. Platform-specific block size restrictions apply. 
Default Value: 0M�287�?escription: Specifies the size of the cache for 2K buffers. Parameter can be set only when db_block_size has a value other than 2K. 
Range of Values: 0M or at least 16M. Platform-specific block size restrictions apply. 
Default Value: 0M�288�?escription: Specifies the size of the cache for 32K buffers. Parameter can be set only when db_block_size has a value other than 32K. 
Range of Values: 0M or at least 16M. Platform-specific block size restrictions apply. 
Default Value: 0M�289�?escription: Specifies the size of the cache for 4K buffers. Parameter can be set only when db_block_size has a value other than 4K. 
Range of Values: 0M or at least 16M. Platform-specific block size restrictions apply. 
Default Value: 0M�290�?escription: Specifies the size of the cache for 8K buffers. Parameter can be set only when db_block_size has a value other than 8K. 
Range of Values: 0M or at least 16M. Platform-specific block size restrictions apply. 
Default Value: 0M�291?escription: Enables and disables statistics gathering for predicting behavior with different cache sizes. Information is collected in the view V$DB_CACHE_ADVICE. 
Range of Values: OFF--Advisory is turned off and the memory for the advisory is not allocated, ON--Advisory is turned on (i.e. both CPU and memory overheads are incurred), and READY--Advisory is turned off but the memory for the advisory remains allocated. 
Default Value: OFF�292�?escription: Specifies the size of the cache for standard block size buffers. 
Range of Values: At least 16M. 
Default Value: 48M�293�?escription: Sets the default location for datafile, controlfile, and online log creation. 
Range of Values: A file system directory name. The directory must already exist. The directory must have permissions that allow Oracle to create files in it.�294cDescription: Sets the default location for online log and controlfile creation. The default will be used whenever a file name is not specified during the creation of the online log or controlfile. 
Range of Values: A file system directory name. The directory must already exist. The directory must have permissions that allow Oracle to create files in it.�295�296�297�298�299HDescription: Specifies the number of buffers in the KEEP buffer pool. The size of the buffers in the KEEP buffer pool is the primary block size (the block size defined by db_block_size). 
Range of Values: 0 or at least the size of one granule (smaller values are automatically rounded up to the granule size). 
Default Value: 0M�300Description: Specifies the size of the RECYCLE buffer pool. The size of buffers in the RECYCLE pool is the primary block size. 
Range of Values: 0 or at least the size of one granule (smaller values are automatically rounded up to the granule size). 
Default Value: 0M�301�?escription: Enables Oracle to determine whether the DRMON process should be started. The DRMON is a non-fatal Oracle background process and exists as long as the instance exists. 
Range of Values: TRUE | FALSE. 
Default Value: FALSE�302?escription: specifies the FAL client name that is used by the FAL service (configured via the FAL_SERVER parameter) to refer to the FAL client. The value of the parameter is a Oracle Net service name. This Oracle Net service name is assumed to be configured properly on the FAL server system to point to the FAL client (i.e. this standby database). 
Range of Values: The string value of a Oracle Net service name.�303-Description: specifies the FAL server for this standby database. The value is a Oracle Net service name. The Oracle Net service name is assumed to be configured properly on the standby database system to point to the desired FAL server. 
Range of Values: The string value of a Oracle Net service name.�304aDescription: Specifies the estimated number of seconds desired for a crash recovery of a single instance of the database. The FAST_START_MTTR_TARGET is internally converted to a set of parameters that modify the operation of the database such that its recovery time is within its portion of the overall Mean Time To Recover (MTTR). The parameter is limited to those editions that have the "fast start fault recovery" feature. 
Range of Values: [0, 3600]. It will calculate limits above the number of data buffer cache entries, and greater than the number of blocks in the maximum sized log. 
Default Value: 0 �305�?escription: amount of memory from SGA to allocate for storing and managing global application context. 
Range of Values: any integer value. 
Default Value: 1 M�306�?escription: specifies archive log destination. 
Range of Values: a local file system location (disk location) or a remote archival through a Oracle Net service name (tns service).�307?escription: identifies the last user-defined state of a particular log archive destination. 
Range of Values: ENABLE--Enables the archivelog destination if the destination attributes are valid, DEFER--Defers processing of the archivelog destination even if the destination attributes are valid, or ALTERNATE--Defers processing of the archivelog destination until such time as another destination failure automatically enables this destination if the alternate destination attributes are valid.�308�309�310�311Description: Specifies the creation of New char, varchar2, clob, nchar, nvarchar2, nclob columns using either byte or codepoint semantics. All character sets have their own inherent definition of a character. When the same character set is used on the client and the server, strings should be measured in characters as defined by that character set. Existing columns will not be affected. 
Range of Values: BYTE or CHAR. 
Default Value: What measures characters for the database character set for nls_length_semantics. BYTE.�328�?escription : A parameter that (if TRUE) returns an error when data loss happens in implicit conversion. 
Range of Values: FALSE | TRUE 
Default Value: TRUE�312?escription: specifies the target aggregate PGA memories of all server processes attached to the instance. Set this parameter to a positive value before enabling the automatic setting of working areas. This memory does not reside in SGA. The database uses this parameter as a target amount of PGA memory it uses. When setting this parameter, subtract the SGA from the total memory on the system available to the Oracle instance. The remaining memory can be assigned to the pga_aggregate_target. 
Range of Values: Integers plus letter K, M or G to specify this limit in kilobytes, megabytes or gigabytes. Minimum value is 10M and maximum value is 4000G  
Default: "Not Specified" which means that automatic tuning of work areas is fully disabled.�313?escription: used by the PL/SQL compiler. It specifies a list of compiler flags as a comma separated list of strings. 
Range of Values: native (PL/SQL modules will be compiled to native code.), interpreted (then PL/SQL modules will be compiled to PL/SQL byte-code format), debug (PL/SQL modules will be compiled with probe debug symbols), non_debug. 
Default Value: " interpreted, non_debug "�314?escription: specifies the full path name of a C compiler which is used to compile the generated C file into an object file. This parameter is optional. The platform specific make file that is shipped for each platform will contain a default value for this parameter. If a value is specified for this parameter, it will override the default value in the make file. 
Range of Values: full path of a C compiler. 
Default Value: none�315�?escription: used by the PL/SQL compiler. It specifies the name of a directory where the shared objects produced by the native compiler are stored. 
Range of Values: directory name. 
Default Value: none�316?escription: This parameter specifies the full path name of a linker such as ld in UNIX or GNU ld which is used to link the object file into a shared object or DLL. This parameter is optional. The platform specific make file that is shipped for each platform will contain a default value for this parameter. If a value is specified for this parameter, it will override the default value in the make file. 
Range of Values: full path name of a linker. 
Default Value: none�317Description: Specifies the full path name of a make file. The make utility (specified by the PLSQL_NATIVE_MAKE_UTILITY) uses this make file to generate the shared object or DLL. A port specific make file is shipped for each platform which contains the rules for the make utility to generate DLLs on that platform. 
Range of Values: full path name of a make file. 
Default Value: none�318Description: Specifies the full path name of a make utility such as make in UNIX or gmake (GNU make). The make utility is needed to generate the shared object or DLL from the generated C source. 
Range of Values: full path name of a make utility. 
Default Value: none�319BDescription: Controls whether the archival of redo log files to remote destinations is permitted. The parameter must be set to the value "TRUE" in order for an Oracle database instance to remotely archive REDO log files and/or to receive remotely archive REDO log files. 
Range of Values: FALSE | TRUE 
Default Value: TRUE�320}Description: Specifies the maximum size of the System Global Area for the lifetime of the instance. 
Range of Values: 0 to operating system dependent. Note that the minimum value is irrelevant as it is adjusted at startup. 
Default Value: If no value is specified, the default value of sga_max_size is the same as the initial size of SGA at startup, say X. This size depends on the sizes of different pools in the SGA, like, buffer cache, shared pool, large pool, and so on. If a value is specified that is less than X, the value of the sga_max_size in use will be X. In other words, it is max ( X, user-specified value of sga_max_size).�321lDescription: Specifies the name of the current server parameter file in use. 
Range of Values: static parameter 
Default Value: The SPFILE parameter can be defined in a client side PFILE to indicate the name of the server parameter file to use. When the default server parameter file is used by the server, the value of SPFILE will be internally set by the server.�3225Description: Indicates whether or not the file names on the standby will be the same as that on the primary. 
Range of Values: TRUE or FALSE. Note: If you set the value to True and the standby is on the same system as the primary database, the primary database files may be overwritten. 
Default Value: FALSE.�323?escription: Specifies which undo space management mode the system should use. When set to AUTO, the instance will be started in SMU mode. Otherwise, it is started in the RBU mode. In the RBU mode, undo space is allocated externally as rollback segments. In the SMU mode, undo space is allocated externally as undo tablespaces. 
Range of Values: Auto or Manual 
Default Value: If the UNDO_MANAGEMENT parameter is omitted when the first instance is started, the default value of MANUAL is used and the instance will be started in the RBU mode. If it is not the first instance, the instance will be started in the same undo mode as all other existing instances.�324Description: The UNDO_RETENTION parameter is used to specify the amount of committed undo information to retain in the database. The parameter value can be set at instance start-up time. The amount of undo space required to satisfy the undo retention requirement can be computed: UndoSpace = RD * UPS where UndoSpace is expressed in number of undo blocks, RD is expressed in UNDO_RETENTION in seconds, and UPS is expressed in undo blocks per second. 
Range of Values: The maximum allowed value is (2 ** 32) seconds. 
Default Value: 30 seconds.�3251Description: Allows users to suppress errors while attempting to execute RBU operations (e.g. ALTER ROLLBACK SEGMENT ONLINE) in SMU mode. This enable users to use the SMU feature before all application programs and scripts are converted into SMU mode. 
Range of Values: True or False 
Default Value:False.�326?escription: Undo tablespaces are used solely for storing undo information. UNDO_TABLESPACE is only allowed in System Managed Undo (SMU) mode. The specified undo tablespace, <undoname>, will be used by the instance. If the tablespace does not exist, or is not an undo tablespace, or is being used by another instance, the instance STARTUP will fail. 
Default: Each database contains zero or more undo tablespaces. In the SMU mode, each ORACLE instance is assigned one (and only one) undo tablespace.�327�?escription: specifies the policy for sizing work areas. This parameter controls the mode in which working areas are tuned. 
Range of Values: AUTO, MANUAL. 
Default AUTO if PGA_AGGREGATE_TARGET is set; MANUAL otherwise.�332�]Description: Are pathnames case-sentitive? (Note that XML Database is always case-preserving)�333�CDescription: The root folder under which FTP requests are resolved.�334�?escription: The TCP/IP port on which to listen for FTP requests. This parameters is propagated to the TNS listeners via dynamic listener registration.�335�DDescription: The root folder under which HTTP requests are resolved.�336�?escription: The TCP/IP port on which to listen for HTTP requests. This parameters is propagated to the TNS listeners via dynamic listener registration.�337�HDescription: Hostname to use by default in HTTP redirects & servlet API.�338�MDescription: The default associated acl file used by newly created resources.�339�lDescription: The maximum time the server will wait for the client's responses before it breaks a connection.�340�HDescription: The level of logging for http error and warning conditions.�341�7Description: The file path of the http server log file.�342�GDescription: The level of logging for ftp error and warning conditions.�343�6Description: The file path of the ftp server log file.�344�5Description: The list of welcome file used by server.�345
Description: A comma separated list of paths used by the ASM to limit the set of disks considered for discovery when a new disk is added to a Disk Group. The disk string should match the path of the disk, not the directory containing the disk. For example: /dev/rdsk/*.�346�?escription: This value is the number of seconds to permit a disk which was automatically put in Failing State following an IO error to remain in its Disk Group.
Default Value: 14400�347�?escription: This value is the list of the Disk Group names to be mounted by the ASM at startup or when ALTER DISKGROUP ALL MOUNT command is used.�348�gDescription: This value is the maximum power on the ASM instance for disk rebalancing.
Default Value: 1�349�?escription: Default Backup and Recovery file location. Oracle recommends that db_create_file_dest and db_recovery_file_dest be located on different disks for data protection and performance.�350�ADescription: Database recovery files size limit.
Default Value: 0�351�1Description: Target size of SGA.
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Ms-Dos/Windows Unix Write backup

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